Urban expansion, driven by rapid population growth, has increasingly encroached upon agricultural land and contributed to the degradation of ecological systems. In this study, the spatiotemporal dynamics of urban growth in Narayanganj District, Bangladesh, were assessed over a 20-year period (2003–2023) using integrated Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing techniques. Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) changes were quantified, and their ecological consequences were evaluated through vegetation indices including the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), alongside the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI). An LULC classification revealed a net increase of 5.61% in built-up areas, accompanied by reductions of 7.61% and 1.61% in barren land and agricultural land, respectively. The spatial pattern of urban expansion was found to be uneven, with pronounced growth observed from the northern to north-northwestern sectors of the district. A two-phase conversion analysis indicated that 15.68% of agricultural land was transformed into urban areas between 2003 and 2013, followed by a slightly lower conversion rate of 14.74% from 2013 to 2023. Notably, a statistically significant inverse correlation was detected between NDBI and both NDVI and SAVI, suggesting a measurable decline in vegetation health associated with urban intensification. These findings provide empirical and geographically grounded evidence of the adverse ecological impacts of urbanization in a peri-urban context. The integration of multi-temporal satellite images with vegetation and built-up indices enabled a comprehensive evaluation of land transformation processes and their environmental implications. The insights gained from this research may inform sustainable land use planning, urban policy formulation, and conservation strategies aimed at mitigating the loss of agricultural land and safeguarding vegetation health in rapidly urbanizing regions.

The development of green skills has gained significant attention in recent years, driven by the increasing global focus on achieving the Agenda 2030 goals and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Green skills are recognized as essential for fostering sustainable practices across industries, supporting the transition to a low-carbon economy, and addressing pressing environmental challenges. A notable surge in scholarly interest is observed, with 79% of publications related to "green skills development" in the Web of Science database being published after 2015. This indicates the growing recognition of green skills as a key element in advancing sustainability agendas. In this study, a bibliometric analysis was conducted using data from 962 articles extracted from the Web of Science database. The evolution of scientific output, thematic trends, and international collaboration patterns were examined. The analysis reveals a steady increase in publications, particularly post-2015, with an expanding range of research topics, including renewable energy, energy efficiency, green entrepreneurship, and climate adaptation. The distribution of authorship across countries highlights significant international cooperation, with countries from both the Global North and South actively contributing to the discourse. The findings underscore the interdisciplinary nature of green skills research, which spans diverse fields such as environmental science, education, policy studies, and technology. Moreover, the growing body of research reflects a clear shift towards integrating green skills within education and training systems as a means of achieving SDG targets, particularly those related to sustainable economic growth, decent work, and climate action. This study provides valuable insights into the emerging trends and collaborative networks in green skills development, offering a foundation for future research aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of green skill programs and policies. It is evident that continued focus on this area is critical for driving global sustainability efforts and achieving long-term environmental goals.

The present paper emphasizes finding the solution for a fuzzy fractional heat conduction equation using the homotopy analysis transform method (HATM). The HATM combines two powerful, well-known methods: homotopy analysis method and the Laplace transform method. The approximate solution of the fuzzy fractional heat conduction equation is obtained by using HATM. Comparison with existing methods shows that the results obtained using the proposed method are in good agreement with the exact solutions available in the literature. All the numerical computations justify the proposed method is very efficient, effective, and simple for obtaining an approximate solution of the fuzzy time-fractional heat conduction equation.

Treating wastewater is a crucial process to save the environment and provide freshwater conservation tools. This study aimed to develop a sustainable wastewater treatment process based on the biofiltration process. This study experiments employed two of the available local raw materials as filter media for biofiltration to treat the raw wastewater. The Dolomite (CaCO₃, MgCO₃), and Anhydrite crushed rocks (CaSO₄) were selected. The study was performed by constructing two pilot-scale biofiltration systems for 18 operation weeks. A group of wastewater quality parameters of the influent and effluent were tested at different periods of operation such as BOD₅, COD, pH, TDS, EC, cations, and anions: Mg⁺², Ca⁺², K⁺, Na⁺, HCO₃^-, Cl^-, NO^-3, and sodium absorption ratio (SAR). The results showed that both biofilters had high removal rates for BOD₅ and COD a low fluctuation based on period time. It is worth mentioning that the highest BOD₅ and COD removals were achieved in the first 6 weeks using the Dolomite filter reaching 95% and 96% respectively. Moreover, the following treatment using Dolomite showed high-efficiency removals for anions and cations such as Mg⁺² (87.15%), Na⁺ (57.76%), K⁺ (43.6%), Cl^- (77.3%), NO₃^- (92%) and HCO₃^- (63%). Also, the results indicated that the treated wastewater can be reused for irrigation purposes based on SAR which was 1.73. Meanwhile, the Anhydrite biofilter showed a low efficiency of anions and cations removals compared to Dolomite. For instance, the removal efficiency for Mg⁺², Na⁺, K⁺, Cl-, NO₃^-, HCO₃^- were 77.8%, 52%, and 21.1% 36.7 %, 52 % and 61.5%, respectively and SAR was 2.1 epm. In conclusion, the proposed biofiltration systems showed high removal rates for various pollutants from wastewater with some superiority for Dolomite media.

Prestressed concrete continuous box girder bridges have been widely adopted in transportation engineering due to their superior crack resistance ($Kf\geq$ 1.15) and stiffness stability ($\eta \leq$ 0.85). To address the mechanical uncertainties introduced by non-orthogonal diaphragm arrangements, by taking a 3 × 35 m box girder bridge constructed using a staged simply-supported-to-continuous method as the object, detailed beam grillage models with both orthogonal and stepped diaphragms were developed using Midas Civil 2023. Four loading scenarios were defined based on the JTG 3362-2018 standard, and static load tests employing four tri-axle heavy trucks were conducted to validate the model reliability. A total of 36 strain gauges (sampling frequency: 10 Hz) and 12 laser deflectometers (accuracy: ±0.01 mm) were installed on the top and bottom slabs of the box girder, with loading efficiency controlled within 0.91–1.03. Comparative analyses of strain fields ($\varepsilon$), deflections ($\delta$), and shear lag effects were performed for both diaphragm configurations. The results demonstrated that, under maximum positive bending moment conditions, the longitudinal strain differential rate across the top slab for the stepped diaphragm configuration remained within 3.7%. The deviation in deflection at the support region under negative bending moments was $\Delta \delta$ = 1.2 mm, meeting the specified code limits (L/600 = 58.3 mm). The loading efficiency test (0.91–1.03) confirmed the equivalent load-bearing performance of the stepped diaphragm configuration, with the cracking safety factor ($Kf$ = 1.18-1.22) found to be consistent with that of the orthogonal diaphragm model. A diaphragm inclination–stiffness matching criterion was proposed in this study, offering a theoretical reference for the design of the girder bridges constructed using a staged simply-supported-to-continuous method.

This study examines the antecedents and consequences of green trust in the context of environmentally friendly cosmetic products. Specifically, it investigates the influence of green perceived quality and green satisfaction on green trust, as well as the subsequent impact of green trust on consumer commitment and repurchase intention. A quantitative approach was employed, utilizing a survey method of 284 respondents. SEM within the AMOS software was used to examine the data. The results support six hypotheses. The first hypothesis asserts that green perceived quality positively influences both green satisfaction and green trust; the positive influence of green satisfaction was found on green trust; and green trust positively influences green commitment and repurchase intention. However, one unproven hypothesis was that green satisfaction influenced repurchase intention. These findings contribute to understanding the dynamics of green trust and its role in driving consumer behavior towards environmentally friendly cosmetic products.

Graph structures (GSs) have appeared as a robust mathematical framework for modelling and resolving complex combinatorial problems across diverse realms. At the same time, the linear Diophantine fuzzy set (LDFS) is a noteworthy expansion of the conventional concepts of the fuzzy set (FS), intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS), Pythagorean fuzzy set (PFS), and q-Rung orthopair fuzzy set (q-ROFS). The LDFS framework introduces a flexible parameterization strategy that independently relaxes membership and non-membership restraints through reference parameters, thereby attaining enhanced expressiveness in apprehending ambiguous real-world phenomena. In this paper, a novel concept of linear Diophantine fuzzy graph structure (LDFGS) is introduced as a generalization of intuitionistic fuzzy graph structure (IFGS) and linear Diophantine fuzzy graph (LDFG) to GSs. Several cardinal fundamental notions in LDFGSs, including $\breve{\rho}_i$-edge, $\breve{\rho}_i$-path, strength of $\breve{\rho}_i$-path, $\breve{\rho}_i$-strength of connectedness, $\breve{\rho}_i$-degree of a vertex, degree of a vertex, total $\breve{\rho}_i$-degree of a vertex, and the total degree of a vertex in an LDFGS are discussed. Additionally, $\breve{\rho}_i$-size of an LDFGS, the size of an LDFGS, and the order of an LDFGS are studied. Meanwhile, the ideas of the maximal product of two LDFGSs, strong LDFGS, degree, and $\breve{\rho}_i$-degree of the maximal product are introduced with several concrete illustrations. To empirically validate the efficacy and practical utility of the proposed LDFGS framework, this study presents a case study analyzing road crime patterns across heterogeneous urban regions in Sindh province, Pakistan.

The research proposes a Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) that integrates wind and solar energy to address the high initial investment challenges associated with renewable energy systems. The primary objective is to develop a cost-effective energy solution for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCS) located at rest areas along the Trans Java toll road, supporting Indonesia's transition to environmentally friendly land transportation. Utilizing HOMER-Grid software, the study analyzes the potential of wind and solar energy and associated investment costs. Key outcomes include energy production, consumption, surplus energy, energy cost ratios, Net Present Cost (NPC), and Cost of Energy (COE). The findings indicate that the hybrid system can achieve a 17.66% contribution of renewable energy when connected to the primary grid, highlighting its potential to enhance efficiency and sustainability in Indonesia’s transportation sector.