Today, tourism sector makes a significant contribution to gross national product and employment by growing rapidly. In spite of rapid growth, the number of the hotels that pass into other hands in the sector indicates the fact that there are some problems in the sector. One of the issues that should be discussed in solution of these problems is internal control systems. The importance of accounting systems cannot be ignored in the formation of effective internal systems. From this point of view, in this study, a company's accounting system that operates in accommodation business has been analyzed in the terms of objective organization, staff, software- hardware, reports and external factors in the context of forming an effective internal control system. The current state was compared with the information in the literature and the existence of various problems was determined. Suggestions have been made for the solution.

Burnout syndrome, as a frequently encountered disorder in today's world, has many negative consequences like emotional exhaustion, desensitization and personal failure. To better cope with the burnout, underlying reasons has to be well-defined both for individuals and for different occupational groups. The study presented here, aiming to assess the burnout levels of accounting professionals, and identify the factors that play role in the course of their burnout, has been carried out in 225 individual accountants that serve in the city of Gaziantep. The study revealed that, for accountants who participated in the survey, main parameters of burnout including emotional exhaustion, desensitization and personal failure scored (2.87), (2.37) and (2.31), respectively, according to 5-point Likert scale. Among reasons of burnout, while a statement of "I think I am working too much at the office" reached to highest average score (3.58), "Since I am in this business, I have been ignorant of people" received the lowest score in average (2.21). In conclusion, according to the findings of the study, it has been concluded that burnout levels of accounting professionals is not high.

In recent years, fraudulent financial reporting scandals have abused the stake holders’ confidence to company managements. The existence of well- designed internal control system is very important in terms of the success of the business strategies and reliable financial reports. Reliability of financial reporting, effectiveness and efficiency of business operations, regulatory and other regulations compliance creates the objectives of internal control. In this context, the main objective of the study is to identify the problems and current situation regarding this issue by examining the approach of internal control systems of the SMEs especially which operating in the industrial field. According to the main findings which obtained in this connection, the majority of firms are aware of the benefits of internal control systems whether or not they have well-designed internal control system. Also, the significant relationships between SMEs’ current internal structure and attitudes of SMEs on internal control were found. Although internal control is a system which is designed and sustained by the participation of all managers and other personnel in an organisation, it is seen that responsibility about this subject is given only one department such as accounting-finance. On the other hand, according to the survey it is also observed that most of SME managers are used concepts of internal control and internal audit interchangeably despite being different from each other.

In our study, we investigated whether the department, grade and having taken accounting ethics courses affect the ethical decisonmaking of first grade and fourth grade students attending Business Administration and Public Finance departments of Akdeniz University. According to our findings, which are in conformity with other studies, women have a stronger ethical judgement, business administration students have more flexible ethical values and the students that have already taken accounting ethics courses have stronger ethical values. Considering the findings of this work and otherstudies, we conclude that it may be helpful if the students were given accounting ethics courses.

Today in the finance literature, structural capital is one of the three elements of intellectual capital and the Quality Management System is defined in the structural capital. In this study the impact levels of Quality Management System on the intellectual capital of the companies are analyzed. In this context, 10 companies which are quoted as date 09.14.2014 in the Istanbul Stock Exchange “construction & public works” sector are analyzed. As a result, the inference that investors of the companies are sensitive to practice of Quality Management System may be concluded.

In this competitive environment where economy has been witnessing profound changes for the last couple of years, numerous companies have been forced to operate in different geographical areas and in various lines of work. In this period during which the segment information has proved to be very critical, the need for accounting standards has become much more evident. Based on the Operating Segments Standard, this study aims to review the segment reporting procedures of the companies that are traded on Borsa Istanbul and identify the factors affecting the disclosure of segment information. The disclosure level of the segment information is analyzed by means of the disclosure index formed under the items subject to compulsory disclosure in the Turkish Financial Reporting Standards-8. It has been revealed that nearly 29% of the companies registered in the BIST All Shares have carried out segment reporting procedures. By making use of the multiple linear regression model, this study seeks to identify the characteristics of the companies which disclosed their level of segment information. Being statistically significant, this model has suggested that there is a significant positive correlation between the disclosure level of segment information and the firm size and leverage ratio.

With the coming into force of TFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement Standard, the inputs which firms use for determination of fair value measurement are classified into three levels and hierarchy of determination of fair value is constituted. This standard requires increasing level 1 inputs and decreasing level 3 inputs in determination of fair value.

With this study fair value measurement levels (hierarchy) which are used in determination of fair value are described within the scope of TFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement Standard. Additionally, for determining which level of inputs are used in the fair value determination by the firms traded on the Istanbul Stock Exchange an inventory study is done. For the purpose of the study, financial statement disclosures of 145 firms which are listed on the Istanbul Stock Exchange and classified under the heading of "financial institutions" sector are subjected to content analysis. Content analysis showed that majority of the firms use level 1 input in determination of fair value.

Concerns about sustainable development are not a recent phenomenon. Societal problem-solving efforts within this realm have focused on concrete problems such as the preservation of fisheries, forests and national reserves. ‘The Politics of Sustainability’ has been discussed extensively in literature, particularly after the publication of the Brundtland Commission’s ‘Our Common Future’ report in 1987 [1] emphasizing inter-generational responsibilities involving economic, environmental and social as- pects. Among other areas, the authors of the report highlighted the challenge of global climate change resulting from, amongst other things, unsustainable patterns of con- sumption. ‘The Politics of Sustainability: Philosophical Perspectives’, edited by Dieter Birnhacher and May Thorseth, brings a new angle into the discussion of the politics of sustainable development: ethical considerations.

In Part 1, contributors to the book discuss—in a somewhat pessimistic tone—the determinants of non- sustainable behavior, which are lack of motivation; institu- tions stressing and the difficulties the democratic govern- ments face when implementing the actions needed to pro- tect future generations. The authors also underscore the challenges in pressuring politicians to make real progress through sustainable policies. This is particularly difficult given the existence of more immediate short-range chal- lenges such as economic crises, high unemployment, and maintaining an upstanding national position in the interna- tional political rat-race.

In Part 2 of the book, the contributors present and discuss the strong moral and philosophical dimensions of policy implementation, setting them up, in Part 3, for the proposition of establishing a new fourth institution of government beyond the legislative, executive and judicial. This branch would be responsible to ensure “that the interest of future generations be taken into account within today’s decision-making-process”. The proposal is indeed original. Its adoption in democratic countries will face the same difficulties as pointed out in Part 1: to implement practical actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to protect future generations.

It is my view, that, governance is more complicated than is portrayes in the book and is not completely compatible with different democratic systems around the globe. To state that “the incentives for politicians in a democratic sys- tem are in maintaining power and securing re-election” (p. 55) is an over simplification. History has demonstrated that there have been many occasions in which even problem- atic politicians or legislative bodies of governments have risen to the task of confronting great societal challenges. An example is the decision in the United States Congress to support President Roosevelt in joining World War II, de- spite strong societal sentiments for isolationism at the time. The existence of great leaders is essential for democra- cies to move and history has demonstrated that they fre- quently appear at critical junctions. This is why there is optimism with societies in making continuous strides in sustainable development, including the more difficult ques- tions such as the elimination of poverty and averting catas- trophic changes in the climate.

Technology is one powerful instrument. As technical solutions improve, they become less expensive. This creates opportunities for developing countries and means they do not have to retrace the steps followed by industrialized countries; they can “leapfrog” over many of the develop- mental steps and avoid many of the problems caused by industrialization. An example is that of Brazil’s response to the problem of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from the use of gasoline in automobiles. As an alternative, ethanol produced from sugarcane (a renewable crop) was used to replace a large fraction of the gasoline, thus reducing the GHG emissions in the country by approximately 10% [2].

Ethical considerations, of course, are of great importance when democracies move in more sustainable direc- tions. We must not forget, however, that the existence of technical solutions can also help governments to imple- ment sustainable solutions at an expeditious pace. This book will, undoubtedly, be of great interest to people less interested in economics and environment, and/but funda- mental to the philosophical perspectives of sustainable development.

The globe’s first carbon projects were designed and implemented approximately 20 years ago following scientific insights that emissions of greenhouse gases needed to be mitigated. Visible in some of these early projects were the important aspects of social governance and local benefit sharing. The projects promised to be a panacea to environmental, social and economic problems in remote rural areas of developing countries. However, it took another decade before a wave of hundreds of carbon projects were launched. Many of the projects were offered under the mechanism of REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation, plus the role of conservation, sustainable forest management and carbon enhancement), as well as under a variety of voluntary schemes and national programs, public-private partnerships, and forestry-based investment initiatives. As decision-makers prepare the Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climatic Change in Paris (COP21), Earthscan has released a book entitled ‘Carbon conflicts and forest landscapes in Africa’, edited by Melissa Leach and Ian Scoones. According to the editors, the focus of the book is on what happens on the ground when carbon forestry projects arrive, what types of projects work, and, equally important, what doesn’t work.

Leach and Scoones launch the collection of ten chapters with a discussion of “political ecologies of carbon in Africa”. This is followed by a review of different carbon projects and policies. Finally, a variety of case studies are presented, concentrating on Ghana, Kenya, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, clearly achieving a broad representation of different African socio- ecological and political contexts. Adding to the geograph- ical diversity, the contributing authors also represent a variety of academic perspectives, including anthropolo- gists, geographers, economists, natural resource man- agers, agronomists, and social scientists. This broad spec- trum makes clear that the reader should not expect strict assessments of carbon project impacts on forest ecosys- tems or biodiversity in general. Lacking in the book, how- ever, are contributions and perspectives from ‘climate pro- tectionists’, conservationists, carbon brokers, or donors of carbon projects, which would have made the book more comprehensive and balanced.

This piece of work is a critical revision of carbon projects as economic interventions that provide new value to ecosystems suffering from unsustainable use. Due to their economic relevance they have even become an interesting object for brokers, traders, and consultants and often developed a certain potential to create social distor- tions on the ground. The editors present and discuss “a new round of ‘missionary’ development activity” advocated by donors and NGOs. Indeed, carbon projects are just another form of socioeconomic and legal mechanisms— paid for significantly by foreign donations—that can alter or restrict access to local natural resources and potentially change local livelihoods. They represent interven- tions in extremely complex socio-ecological and political landscapes of forestry/ecosystem management, where unsatisfied needs of local people combine with governance and enforcement deficits. The projects are stacked on top of many layers of conventional development projects and cannot escape their socio-cultural and historical contexts, or the standard problems related to the mobilization and engagement of local actors. In this context, also due to their design that differs from conventional projects, “carbon projects face a greater challenge in explaining themselves” (Mickels-Kokwe and Kokwe, p. 140).

The two introductory chapters alone are a valuable compilation of facts about carbon projects, their technicalities, and their political ecology. The chapters’ rele- vance goes far beyond the African context. Furthermore, they are meaningful in a broader context of a neoliberal and commodified model of ecosystem management, which is currently expanding and diversifying. The case studies compile a compelling amount of evidence of failures and conflicts. They also give voice to local stakeholders reflecting their perceptions of carbon projects, regarding both design and implementation. As the editors point out, the authors do not go as far as simply rejecting carbon projects. The reader who examines this book closely can come to conclusions that are grim and depressing: Carbon projects often stand for big promises and poor delivery, for high expectations that fail to match rigorous requirements, for gaining carbon finance, for ‘fortress conservation’ that forcefully excludes local people, sidelining farmers’ knowl- edge, for the displacement of food production as well as for benefits limited to old or new elites, just to summa- rize a few findings presented in the book. Indeed, it is disheartening to find so much evidence of missed opportunities and failure after so many years of implementing carbon projects. These seem to have significantly contributed to the credibility crisis of biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management; the concept of ‘big carbon money’ may have both corrupted and oversimplified the narrative of an ethically needed conservation.

Science seems to show that “smallholders are not a significant cause but rather a significant victim of climate change. Therefore, social justice calls for compensation, rather than making them bear the costs of mitigation programmes” (Atela, p. 92). At the end of the day, carbon projects contribute to the commodification of the irreplaceable fundaments of our life, fueling an ongoing privatization of ecosystem management and governance. They further upscale “authority and agenda setting in policy [that] has occurred due to donors and transnational bodies” such as certification organizations, UN, World Bank etc. (Nel, p. 96).

The need for the conservation of functional and intact forests is undeniable and non-negotiable. But if carbon projects failed to enable and empower local actors and adequately compensate them for unavoidable opportunity costs, all this that once started as an apparently good idea has not just led to disappointment, but has become part of the problem. It is recommendable to carefully study this trend towards a flow-based governance of commodi- fied carbon and biomass. Much more is to come under the rising paradigm of bioeconomy and a complexifying ‘green grabbing scenario’. In this context, this book is a very valu- able source. It gives important recommendations for the in- cremental improvement of carbon projects including pleas for taking social justice and equity seriously. Equally im- portant, it provides tangible arguments for pressing the ‘re- set button’ in forest carbon governance. Game over? Is it time for decarbonization of conservation and development projects? This book should also inspire further critical in- quiry that helps us to competently question ‘greened’ ne- oliberal approaches to ecosystem management and avoid further sidetracks and traps that distract us from real sus- tainable development.

Current regulations for organic pig and poultry production systems permit feed ingredients of non-organic origin at an inclusion rate of up to 5 per cent. This is primarily due to concerns that there is an insufficient supply of organic protein on the European Union market, in terms of quality and quantity, to meet the nutritional requirements of pigs and poultry raised on organic farms. However, 100 per cent organic diets for monogastric livestock will become compulsory in the EU from 1 January 2018, and there is therefore a need to develop sustainable feeding strategies based on organic feeds. This feed trial con- ducted in the UK explores the feasibility of using a silage-based feeding system for Gloucester Old Spot pigs, and compares the inclusion of soya, beans and peas as protein sources in terms of pig growth per- formance. No significant difference in the pen mean daily live weight gain was observed during the grower phase (pen mean age of 11–14 weeks) between the diet groups. However, during the finisher phase (pen mean age of 15–22 weeks), pigs on the soya and pea rations had significantly faster growth rates than pigs fed the bean ration. It is speculated that the slight shortfall in growth rate observed in the pigs fed the bean ration may be offset by the lower cost of production of beans in the UK. This feasibility trial demonstrates that a 100 per cent organic diet for pigs using alternative, locally-grown sources of protein as part of a forage-based ration can provide a viable alternative to a soya-based diet.

Uluslararası ticarette iki konu büyük öneme sahiptir. Birincisi dış ticarete konu olan malın teslim edilme şekli, ikincisi ise dış ticarete konu olan malın bedelinin ödenme şeklidir. Dış ticarette kullanılan teslim şekillerine göre alıcı ve satıcının sorumluluklarının başlama ve bitiş zamanları değişmektedir. Yine dış ticarette kullanılan ödeme şekline göre, ticarete konu mal ve hizmetin ödeme zamanı değişmekte ve buna bağlı olarak vade farkı ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Dış ticarette kullanılan teslim ve ödeme şekli, işletmenin hasılatının oluşum zamanı ve tutarını etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı dış ticarette kullanılan teslim ve ödeme şekillerini TMS 18 Hasılat Standardı çerçevesinde incelemek ve bu bağlamda dış ticaret işlemlerinin muhasebeleştirilmesini açıklamaktır.

Scientific researches subject environmental issues are increasing in accounting field as well as other fields. Nowadays, environmental element is not just input for production but also it becomes a topic which needs to be taken as a cost element and it must be protected continuously before production, after production and in production process itself. Hence, it’s a requirement of social responsibility concept in the accounting that physical, financial and cost dimensions of environmental changes occurring because of the business operations need to be determined, measured and reported to relevants by observing in the accounting system. Spreading this environmentally sensitive approach in every layer of society would be an encouraging factor for companies to study in environmental accounting applications. In this study, a content analysis is applied to articles in enviromental fields published in Turkey between 2006- 2014. (Çevreyi konu edinen bilimsel çalışmalar diğer alanlarda olduğu gibi muhasebe alanında da giderek artmaktadır. Günümüzde çevre unsuru, sadece üretime girdi veren bir üretim faktörü olmaktan çıkmış, bunun yerine üretim öncesi, süreci ve sonrasında sürekli korunması ve bir maliyet unsuru olarak dikkate alınması gereken konu haline gelmiştir. Dolayısıyla işletmelerin faaliyetleri neticesinde oluşan çevresel değişimlerin fiziksel, finansal ve maliyet boyutlarının tespit edilmesi, ölçülmesi, muhasebe sistemi içerisinde izlenerek ilgililere raporlanması muhasebenin sosyal sorumluluk kavramının da gereğidir. Çevreye duyarlı bu yaklaşımın toplumun her katmanına yayılması, işletmelerin çevresel muhasebe uygulamalarına yönelik çalışmalar yapmasında teşvik edici bir unsur olacaktır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de çevre alanında 2006-2014 yılları arasında yayınlanan makaleler, içerik analizi yönüyle incelenmiş ve değerlendirilmiştir.)

Exposing and preventing fraud has become important because of the corporation scandals in recent years. Hence, forensic accounting field has been discussed more in prevention of fraud and the role and responsibility of independent auditor in preventing fraud has been indicated clearly with SAS No 99 issued by American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), ISA 240 issued by The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) and Communique Serial: X, No:22 issued by Capital Market Board. In this paper, independent audit and forensic accounting are compared within some criteria that they are generated by, in terms of their roles in exposing fraud. According to the results of comparisons, there are significant differences between independent audit and forensic accounting with regards to the criteria such as purposes, hypothesize, implementation processes, information sources, materiality and sampling methods.

Cultural differences play a decisive role in the accounting sub-culture properties. Therefore, the accounting practices and approaches show some differences from country to country. Prepared financial reports in diverse countries cannot be compared with each other due to these differences. In order to overcome this problem which is very important for users of financial statements, countries that especially acting in accordance with Europa Union norms have begun to reporting in accordance with international accounting and financial reporting standards. However, this transformation has not yet been completed due to the accounting sub-culture features in many underdeveloped and developing countries. In this context; in this study, by comparing the historical cost based approaches and the current cost based approaches that are proposed in the international accounting and financial reporting standards, switching to the current cost based approaches is discussed in a cultural perspective.

This paper tries to identify the fiscal sustainability record of democratically and autocratically governed countries by applying various performance indicators (payment defaults, national debt, foreign assets) and also to clarify what effect the characteristics of a regime have on consolidation and inter- temporal budgeting efforts in a country. Important economic, social and environmental challenges of the future cannot be addressed if long term financial viability is not preserved in a country. The study identifies two key findings: while in the past, democracies have clearly found it easier to preserve their solvency and to avoid government bankruptcy, a similar advantage can no longer be detected for democracies in terms of reducing national debt and foreign debts. Why democracies, in spite of their arrangements with a sensitivity for the public good and for due process, are finding it so difficult to avoid shifting their debts to future generations (to undertake cutback measures and to provide sufficient financial foresight) can in principle be interpreted as the other side of the coin, namely highly presence-oriented interests boosted even further through the short democracy-specific time horizon.

Kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk (KSS) kavramı günümüzde bütün dünyada uygulanan, üzerinde tartışılan bir kavram olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. KSS, işletmelerin paydaşlarına yönelik bazı sorumlulukları olduğunu kabul etmesi ve bu sorumluluklarını paydaşları için yerine getirmesini sağlamaya yönelik bir kavram haline gelmiştir. Muhasebenin işletmelerin KSS faaliyetlerinin gerçekleştirilmesinde önemli araçlardan biri olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Çalışmada muhasebe ve KSS arasındaki ilişki ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla Akhisar'daki muhasebe meslek mensuplarının hizmet verdikleri işletmeleri ve işletmelerin muhasebe bilgilerini KSS açısından değerlendirmeleri istenmiştir. Çalışmada anket yöntemiyle elde edilen veriler istatistiksel paket programı yardımıyla analiz edilmiştir. Analiz bulguları değerlendirilerek sonuçlar ve öneriler geliştirilmiştir.

Amendments regarding Corporate Governance Codes of Stock Istanbul Corporates were published in the Governmantal Newspaper with the issue 28871 in 03 January 2014. According to legislation, companies are to operate within ethic standars section 3.5.1. that are publicized on their websites. In this work, 192 manufacturing companies web sites that belong to Istanbul Stock Exchange in 2014, are examined elaborately to understand whether they have written ethical codes according to their Corporate Governance Ethical Codes Reports in the year 2012. Moreover, content analysis is used in the research and some evaluations are done. According to main result of the study, it is identified that manufacturing companies in Istanbul Stock Exchange 0,44’of have complied with ethical codes on their web sites.

In this study; letter of credit as a payment term in foreign trade is aimed to be evaluated by analyzing the application. Hence; data obtained from a participating bank is examined after the literature review. The current applications of letter of credit at banks according to UCP 600 are examined in terms of country, confirmation, importing amount and maturity type due to the purpose mentioned above.