The budget, which is an important management tool of businesses, has been tried to be able to meet the needs of today’s businesses with new approaches developed over time, such as developing technology, change of business circles and changes in business processes. Within this context, new approaches to budgeting have been developed. Beyond budgeting, better budgeting and advanced budgeting have been the most remarkable approaches to budgeting. These approaches emphasize that the traditional budgeting cannot meet the needs of today's businesses and that development and businesses must meet their strategic goals and objectives or that budget management should be abandoned altogether with the development of new management approaches and adaptive management processes to which the authority is transferred. In this study, traditional budgeting approach was compared with beyond budgeting approach which emphasizes that the existing budgets of the enterprises should be abolished. Taking this comparison into account, the question that whether companies should abandon traditional budgeting approach is answered. The beyond budgeting approach, which is prominent in use by institutional entities with decentralized management considerations, appears to be less favored by businesses that commonly use the budget for performance measurement and control purposes.

Incentives are used for the companies in various fields to increase the capital investments in Turkey. One of the mentioned incentives here is the one relating the corporation tax discount. Recording the investment incentives of corporation tax according to General Communique on Accounting System Application (GCAST) is common. However, accounting process of these incentives is differentiated due to Turkish Accounting Standards (TAS) since it causes the deferred tax asset.

The aim of this study is explaining the accounting process of corporation tax incentives, relating the investments for the companies in Turkey, within the framewo k of TAS 12 income taxes. Thus, taxing concept within the Turkish Accounting Standards (TAS) is analyzed based on TAS 12 Income Taxes Standard.

The research aims to analyze the content of accounting published papers in Emerald’s accounting journals. The statistical population in this study includes 3847 published papers in 15 accounting journals from 1986 to 2014. In this research, the content of published papers through a quantitative approach has been investigated and after categorizing selected papers under 7 areas the percentage and proportion of them were analyzed. The results revealed that the most proportion of published papers related to financial accounting with 1710 papers and 45 percent and then auditing with 842 papers and 22 percent. The proportions of other areas include management with 431 papers and 11 percent, finance with 291 and 8 percent and management accounting with 284 papers and 7 percent. The least proportion of published papers related to accounting education and governmental accounting with 170 and 119 papers and 4 and 3 percent of total papers, respectively.

The number of e-filing users, especially individual taxpayers has steadily been increasing, but this system has not been implemented by all registered taxpayers. This aims of this study are to examine the effect of attitude towards behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control on intent to use e-filing by using the Theory of Planned Behavior. Furthermore, the effect of the intent to use e-filing on the behavior of individual taxpayer in reporting Annual Tax Return was included in the analysis. This research was conducted on 243 respondents who validly filled out the questionnaires within the period of May-June 2018 at the Primary Tax Office of Palembang Ilir Barat area. The collected data were analyzed by using Partial Least Square. The findings of the study reveal that the attitude towards behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control have a positive and significant effect on the individual taxpayer's intent to use the e-filing system. In addition, the intent to use e-filing system has a positive and significant effect on the behavior of the individual taxpayers in reporting the annual tax return.

Trade-off theory of capital structure uses static and dynamic approach. The use of static approach has been prevalent. Despite the importance of dynamic capital structure the debate in Kenya is so far inconclusive. Therefore, to fill this gap, there was need to assess the speed & of adjustment from target capital structure of listed non- financial firms in Kenya. Causal research design was used. The population for this study was 65 listed firms with only 35 non-financial firms sampled due to exclusion of financial sector which has highly regulated capital structure. Dynamic Partial Adjustment model (DPA) was used to estimate target leverage in each industry and the study found out that, there exist a target leverage level which is different from observed leverage for each sector. Further, the study showed that, listed firms adjusted to target level with a speed of 51% meaning that, the adjustment costs are relatively low.

In case of the occurrence of uncertain situations regarding the future, the investor is expected to assume that he is in a risky situation and act in a rational way. In this way, the investor will have been prudent and protected his capital. Auditor Conservatism is an approach that aims to make a more conservative audit by foreseeing a high audit risk for the financial statement disclosures of the company audited and thus protect the capital, creditors and investors. It is a likely outcome for the investor to encounter with the litigation case due to the possible presence of revenue losses that may be experienced and negatively affect the investment decisions of the third parties who will use the tables on which the auditor will express an opinion. Therefore, auditors will want to set a high degree of audit for possible inconsistencies and choose the secure option against the case risk in order to protect the reputation of himself and the audit company against the possibility of audit failure by displaying a conservative approach. In this study, the relationship between the litigation risk and the auditor's conservative approach will be examined and these concepts will be comparatively assessed in terms of the accounting audit procedures.

This study aims to analyze the effect of corporate governance mechanism on tax aggressiveness with earnings management as intervening variable. In this study, corporate governance is measured by institutional ownership and the proportion of independent board of commissioners. The sample used in this study is 43 manufacturing companies taken using purposive sampling technique. The type of data used is panel data while the data analysis used is path analysis model. The results of the study found that institutional ownership and the proportion of independent board of commissioners had a significant negative effect on earnings management and institutional ownership with significant negative impact on tax aggressiveness. The proportion of independent board of commissioners and earnings management are found to have significant positive effect on tax aggressiveness. The Sobel Test results show that earnings management variables are able to mediate the relationship of institutional ownership and proportion of independent board of commissioners to tax aggressiveness.

Corporate Sustainability Performance Measurement along with Corporate Environmental Sustainability aims Financial Markets. to address the social and economic aspects. Concerns emerging from the three dimensions are being reduced to a single dimension of them. Multi-criteria decision- making methods, suggests a useful framework for assessing the variables together. Corporate sustainability and economic business activities are focused on the social and environmental impacts. In this sense, the economic activity established by the businesses do follow social and environmental impacts, therefore the generation of related information of these effects is being considered essential on the structure formation on a sustainable business. In this study, it has been used Dow Jones Sustainability Index monthly data from 2009 to 2015 in a range of 12 months to help investors to make decisions. The comparison of ARIMA and Exponential Smoothing models has been conducted, wherein the results showed that ARIMA model provided better estimates meantime those who invested in a stock portfolio with the same composition as the DJSI proved to ensure positive earnings. The purpose of the essay is to give a conclusion to the future of the practice.

This research aims to investigate empirically the determinants of cash holdings of manufacturing companies which are listed on Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX) for the period of 2012 determining factors which were chosen include debt maturity structure and probability of financial distress This research took 636 company-year observations as research sample by using purposive sampling technique in selecting the sample. By applying multiple linear regression analysis, the result revealed that debt maturity structure has negative significant relationship on cash holdings and probability of financial distress hpositive significant relationship on cash holdings. These findings provide evidence that when companies have larger proportion of long-term debt, they will keep lower amount of cash. And when companies face financially distressed, they will keep higher amount of cash in the company because of precautionary motive which make desire to hold more cash.

Purpose - The aim of the present study was investigate the environmental accounting and its rroole in reducing the costs, especially in Iranian textile companies. Design/methodology/approach - Information on variables was collected and measured bby distributing the modified questionnaire of Graaf et al. ((1998) among the managers and senior staff. Then, using regression analysis, the costs associated with enviirronmental benefits were investigated. Findings - The results show that ennvironmental costs have a significant relationship with thee advantages of the environmental accounting. However, aaffter analysis of the cost factors, the results did not shoow any significant relationship. Therefore, it is inferred tthhat not only these factors affected the environmental bennefits, but there are also other factors playing a role in this regard. Originality/value – This paper is the firrsst paper of its kind to have been conducted in developing countries.

The objective of this paper is to examine the relationship between minority shareholders’ rights and audit quality. Specifically, this paper examines the influence of minority shareholders' with at least 10% holdings on clients' demand for strong monitoring mechanisms, particularly in terms of high audit quality. The sample comprises the top 100 listed firms on the Borsa Istanbul (BIST) for 2014 and 2015. The finding of this paper is aligned with the propositions of the agency theory that minority shareholders with at least 10% holdings improve clients’ demand for high audit quality. The findings of this paper have some implications for future studies on the role of minority shareholders to monitor management activities. This paper calls for future studies in the area of accounting and finance to introduce and operationalize a new measurement of Type II agency cost in order to better understand the agency conflicts within this unique market as well as the state of the minority shareholders on the BIST.

The purpose of this study is to explore the state of independent auditing of public interest entities (PIEs) in Turkey, following the recent changes in the regulatory environment. In order to eliminate the effects of different pricing policies and economic factors, the number of audited PIEs is used in the analysis instead of audit revenues. As of 2016, there are 1453 PIEs audited by 72 independent audit firms. Out of these audits, 61%, 26% and 13% are carried out by the‘Big4’, the member firms of international audit networks (IAN) and the local auditors, respectively. From 2013 to 2016, the 4-year averages of the number of audited PIEs are 164 for the Big4, 11 for IAN member firms and 5 for local independent auditors. This study is the first to present this huge gap in the Turkish auditing sector in terms of the independent audits of PIEs.

Successful performance of insurance industry provides impetus for other industries and development of an economy. Financial performance measurement is important to investors and management in determining the future success. Thus, the aim of study is investigating determinants of micro insurance business performance in Ethiopia. The data used in this study was panel data and collected from nine micro insurance provider institutions secondary data from 2009-2017. Besides, indepth interview with officials of those institutions was conducted. The collected data was analyzed using Ordinary Least Square regression model. The result of study reveals that volume of capital and market share have significant and positive impact on return on asset performance. With regard to ownership structure, it affects positively return on asset. In contrast, reinsurance dependency, premium growth, underwriting risks and inflation have negatively affected financial performance of micro insurance business in Ethiopia.

The financial performance of a corporation is presented via its income statement table. One of the most important sections of the mentioned table is the cell where the revenue is displayed. The revenue term means the earnings arising in the course of ordinary activities. Measuring and reporting of the revenue are to be studied carefully due to Turkish Accounting Standards (TAS) and Turkish Financial Reporting Standards (TFRS). Various standards were published in this manner furthermore some of them are repealed or updated. Lastly the standard of "TFRS 15: Revenue from Contracts with Customers" is published relating the revenue issue to be applied as from 31st of December 2017. The concepts of "Contract Asset" and "Contractual Obligation" are revealed in the literature via TFRS 15 Standard contrary to the former regulations. The aim of the study is explaining the reporting of "Contract Asset" and "Contractual Obligation" by analyzing the mentioned concepts within the framework of Revenue Recognition Standard Under TAS 15 Service Contracts.

A restructuring program has been realized in the Turkish Banking Sector after the crises of 2000 and 2001. At the same time the restructuring program was implemented in the economy. Volatility is considered one of the most important risk indicator. The high volatility in a data set means that the risk is high. The aim of the study is to predict the strong changes in the main activity items of the banking sector from the post-crisis period to the present, based on the number of delays. During the period from the end of 2002 to the end of 2017, the volatility of the main financial items at the end of the three-month period has been analyzed in the Turkish Banking Sector. Afterwards, these main items were taken into consideration of past trends and predictive equations related to the levels that can be reached in the future were established. As a result of the analysis, it is seen that the highest change is primarily in the volume of the sector and in the loans and deposit items immediately afterwards. The high change in these two main factors in balance sheet naturally leads to a high volatility of the balance sheet total as well.

With this paper the author forecasts the out-of-sample volatility of gold price changes in Turkey. Looking at the both the symmetric and the asymmetric evaluation criteria, GJR-GARCH model is the best fitted model for forecasting gold price volatility in Turkey. The GJR-GARCH model findings reveal a negative shock asymmetry for gold prices. Thus, it shows that positive news in the market affects the volatility of gold prices in the next period more than negative news.

Railway systems in metropolitan areas support a high density of daily traffic that is exposed to different types of disturbances in the service. An interesting topic in the literature is to obtain action protocols in the presence of contingencies which can affect the system operation, avoiding the propagation of perturbation and minimizing its negative consequences.

Assume that, with a small margin of time (e.g. one day), the decision-maker of the transportation network is knowing that a part of the train fleet will become inoperative temporarily along a specific transit line and none additional vehicle will be able to restore the affected services. The decision to be taken in consequence will require to reschedule the existing services by possibly reducing the number of expeditions (line runs). This will affect travellers who regularly use the transit system to get around.

Consider that the decision-maker aims to lose the least number of passengers as a consequence of having introduced changes into the transit line. A strategy that could be applied in this context is to remove those line runs which are historically less used by travellers without affecting the remaining services. Another alternative strategy might be to reschedule the timetables of the available units, taking into account the pattern of arrivals of users to the boarding stations and the user behavior during waiting times (announced in situ).

The aim of this work consists of assessing the strategy of train rescheduling along the current transportation line when the supply must be reduced in order to reinforce the service of another line, exploited by the same public operator, which has suffered an incidence or emergency.

At the National Traffic Safety and Environment Laboratory, we proposed a train control system using satellite positioning and general-purpose radio. However, in sections such as tunnels where satellite positioning is not possible, it is necessary to combine this with other methods of determining the absolute position. Therefore, we considered a method to accurately determine the absolute position of the vehicle by ascertaining the feature points by using a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) sensor. In addition, as validation of the performance of the single LiDAR sensor, we installed a LiDAR sensor on a train to study its detection of humans and cars. Through validation of its performance in addition to its potential for absolute position detection, we tried to assess its effectiveness as an obstacle detection device for the future. The probability of accidents between an automobile and a tram is higher at an intersection. Hence, a specific aim of the basic experiments was to ascertain the possibility of using the LiDAR sensor to judge the approach of a car turning right onto a tram track at an intersection. The results of these experiments are reported here.

Electropneumatic brake systems are widely used on electric multiple units (EMUs) for high-speed railway and urban rail transit. The common marshalling of the EMUs varies from four to eight cars for urban mass transit and even 16 cars for high-speed way. Traditional methods for braking calculation, which are only suitable for unit-fixed and marshalling-fixed EMUs, are not able to deal with complicated braking process and various marshalling. In this article, a general method for flexible marshalling train braking process simulation is proposed. This method deals with an EMU consisting of 1–24 cars by dividing it into one to eight units and each unit has one to three cars. During braking of EMUs, braking force is calculated according to brake level and velocity, and then managed and applied according to units’ type and distributing principle. With this method, braking deceleration, speed, distance and electric braking force, pneumatic braking force and brake cylinder pressure of each car at any time during the whole braking process can be all presented. Simulation covers braking instruction transmission, braking force calculation and management at train level, electric pneumatic blending braking force distribution at unit level and braking force application at vehicle level. Simulation has been validated by field test results. Finally, an instance of simulation for a custom marshalling EMU is presented. The method can not only meet the needs of engineers and technicians to do brake calculation and braking performance validation of the existing fixed marshalling EMUs, but also provide reference for new design of novel flexible marshalling EMUs.

Railway traffic management in mass transit is often disturbed by perturbations on the running and the dwell times. Then, the headways between the trains may become insufficient and due to security distances between trains the perturbations propagate in the network and amplify. In this article, we propose a train-holding strategy in order to reset sufficient headways between trains. The mechanism is based on a heuristic which is simple and responsive. The prototype developed based on this concept was ex- perimented in a subpart of the SNCF Transilien network: the RER A and L lines. During a 2-week experimentation, the train drivers were advised to depart after a dwell time that was accurately computed. The obtained results and the experimental feedback confirm the relevance and the efficiency of such a mechanism in the mass-transit context with important flows.

A multi-agent route choice learning model for the microscopic simulation-based dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) is used to investigate the effects of traffic information accuracy on drivers' day-to-day route choice decisions. Using the total relative gap convergence metric to quantify the convergence speed for some chosen update cycle length intervals, the results show that a slight decrease in accuracy has a negative effect on the rate of convergence. From a learning perspective, shorter information up-date cycles from an advanced traveller information system induce faster convergence when compared to longer information update cycles. This implies that drivers learn faster, given the additional computational and storage costs of travel information that the system is willing to invest in. Moreover, when the update cycle length is very long, it produces a worse result compared to a scenario where drivers rely only on their own travel experiences based on the routes they have chosen.

Livability is a concept being applied to cities, even though it is vague. Worldwide, there are several livable city ranking schemes in use, which compare the livability of cities by making use of standardized indicator sets. The research presented here recognizes, as a point of departure, that each city is unique, implying that comparisons of cities by standardized categories only does not adequately reflect the reality of each city. A qualitative approach to identify context-specific categories of livability is proposed and employed to the case of Malmö in Sweden. Through interviews, nine context-specific categories were identified and visualized. The findings of the study demonstrate that a qualitative approach enables a more in-depth description of livability categories because it can capture and illustrate relationships among the categories. An explicit awareness of such relationships may provide a more holistic perspective to city officials and planners as they aim to improve the livability of their cities. The study concludes that a qualitative approach in identifying context-specific categories can complement existing assessment schemes and allow a better grasp of livability challenges to cities.

Telecommunications infrastructure is critical not only for domestic growth, but also for combining credit with international commodity and financial markets, such as the smooth flow of foreign investment, facilitating the positive value of net exports, and increasing the added value in the economy's GDP. In this study, fixed telephone lines in the period since the Republic of Turkey, is to investigate whether mobile phone and affect the economic growth of the telecommunications sector showing growth in internet connection. In our study, the penetration rate represents the development of telecommunications industry. Penetration rate is defined as the number of fixed line and mobile phone subscribers per 100 people. In order to measure the penetration rate in Turkey, we have used the ratio of the total number of fixed line, mobile subscribers and internet users to the population, taking into account the dates when mobile communication and the internet started. Economic growth is represented as the rate of change to Gross Domestic Product. The data used in this study cover an annual period 1935-2017. After investigating the stationarity of the series of variables, a causal relationship between the Toda-Yamamoto causality test and the penetration rate and GDP change rate series was examined. The findings of the analysis, the development of telecommunications in Turkey revealed that does not affect economic growth. According to this result, the Solow paradox is valid in the period examined in Turkey.

Through this research study, the authors set out to analyse the implications of the BRRD on non-core domestic banks as well as investment firms. The main aim behind this study is researchersto gain an insight into how such institutions are managing in view of the requirements of the BRRD. Besides building a thorough understanding of the impact of BRRD provisions on these institutions, this study also sets out to explore the potential challenges that might arise following the application of said provisions. Purposive sampling was applied, whereby the researchers collected the data by holding semi-structured interviews with representatives from a select number of non-core domestic banks and investment firms. The findings converge on a number of points. The institutions under study lacked the necessary guidance, largely because the BRRD was implemented rather quickly to immediately address the weaknesses of resolution and supervision that came to light after the 2008 financial crisis. In this respect, the institutions concerned were not able to invest adequate time in their preparation process. In line with previous local research, an ambivalent approach was also observed in relation to the benefits of the measures under the BRRD, especially in the case of small-sized institutions. These outcomes show that the BRRD might be too recent of a regulatory framework to bear concrete results. Although it has generally been welcomed as a constructive measure bent on bringing improvements in the spheres of recovery and resolution, there needs to be further time, and understanding and work by both authorities and institutions to fully realise its benefits. Given that the BRRD is an important step towards further maintaining financial stability and fighting against financial calamities, this study carries the value of bringing together the existing research done already in this area, further extending the research to cover more domestic institutions and ultimately contributing to a more holistic understanding of the implications of the BRRD in Malta.

The application of the law in terms of meaning is called interpretation. If there is doubt or conflict in determining the meaning of a legal rule or contract, or if there is a gap in the law, interpretation becomes inevitable. There are many methods of interpretation in general law. However, based on the principle of protecting the employee in labour law, the principle of "interpretation in favor of the employee ", which is a special form of interpretation, has emerged. In the study, the place and application of this method in individual labour law are discussed. While examining the principle of "interpretation in favor of the employee" examples from relevant judicial decisions are given. It is understood that the principle of interpretation in favor of the employee has turned into a settled form of interpretation with judicial decisions in labor law. In the study, it was revealed that there are factors and boundaries that should be considered while applying this interpretation method. Conclusions: As a result of the study, it is understood that the principle of interpretation in favor of the employee, which emerged as a result of the obligation to protect the employee who is weak against the employer, is widely applied in the courts. But, making decisions that disrupt the delicate balance between the employee and the employer by completely ignoring the general principles of the law will prevent the realization of the purpose expected from this method of interpretation. In the article, the factors that should be taken into consideration while applying the principle of "interpretation in favor of the employee" are also examined.

The adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) in different countries of the world has become a contemporary issue especially with respect to the reliability of financial statements. The study examined the impact of valuation of Loan Loss Provisions (LLPs) on earnings management and capital management during the pre and post-adoption of IFRS for listed deposit money banks (DMBs) in Nigeria. Using an Ex-post facto research design approach, this study utilised secondary data extracted from annual reports and accounts of fifteen (15) DMBs for the period of ten (10) years from 2006 – 2016. The results from the use of multiple regression analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between LLPs and earnings management for both pre and post-IFRS adoption. Furthermore, the study also found a positive insignificant relationship between LLPs and capital management for both pre and post IFRS adoption.