NPP Goesgen developed a full-scope probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) model, allowing for an estimate of the risk of offsite consequences. The model considers all operational modes of the plant, power operation, low power operation and shutdown conditions and all risk-relevant initiating events that may lead to a plant accident. The model allows computing different risk metrics starting from core damage frequency, frequency of a large offsite release to detailed plant damage states, activity release categories as well as the risk of offsite consequences expressed in radiological health effects. The risk model is programmed in the software system RISKMAN™ in the format of a set of linked event trees with associated fault trees. Analysis tools for the estimation of accident progression and offsite conse- quences support the model. A plant-specific simulator for severe accidents is in use, which is based on the MELCOR code. Off-site consequences in terms of dose levels are calculated using the MACCS 2.0 code. The full power models are used to support emergency planning by providing information on the possible consequences of hypothetical accidents in dependence on weather conditions. In cooperation with the responsible governmental agencies, this allows to support evacuation actions in case of severe accidents. Simple cartographic aids are available for emergency planning accounting for a possible loss of offsite power during an emergency, preventing the use of computational tools.

The paper presents the methodology and key insights of the risk assessment of offsite consequences for NPP Goesgen and demonstrates the use of the results in emergency planning.

In order to utilise energy-rich solid waste, its liquid conversion into valuable hydrocarbon (HC) chains is one of the ways followed worldwide to decrease the oil processing and waste landfilling at the same time. The unique fixed bed updraft gasification reactor with an oscillating circular grate, situated in VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic, can generate up to 90 m3·h−1 of CO and H2-rich synthetic gas. Such valuable mixture is suitable for the gas to liquid conversion in Fischer– Tropsch Micro Catalyst Bed (F-T MCB) unit, where more complex substances of higher temperature and pressure form in the environment. This article focuses on solid-recovered fuel (SRF) gained as a mixture of industrial and communal waste sources. Gasification of such material in the fixed bed reactor can produce approximately 600 and 250 m3 of CO and H2, respectively, per ton of SRF in the abided gasification conditions. The gas, retrieved from the process, undergoes a thermochemical reaction on the surface of a catalyst within the reactor of the Fischer–Tropsch unit. As a result, a highly valued HC liquid is achieved from the suitable, non-recyclable waste treatment. Cobalt and iron catalysts in their plain form, as well as the catalysts enriched with Mn/K enhancers are put in comparison in this study. The quality and quantity of the synthesis product are examined and the technological aspects of both units are described. The amount of HC synthesis product ranges from 18 to 45 kg per ton of fuel. The composition tends to form HC chains in favour of groups of alcohols and alkanes.

Aim of the Study: In wars, epidemics and similar disasters, with the concern of meeting domestic needs, the first thing that comes to mind is usually to improve the import as much as possible by restricting exports. This kind of behavioral models of countries means getting away from the general atmosphere of Globalization and entering the atmosphere of Nationalization. In this study, we will evaluate how Nationalization can be instead of Globalization, what should be understood from nationalization by the "National Economy" approach and application of Hjalmar Schacht, which can be accepted as a good nationalization practice. In the light of all this information, the effect of nationalization on financial statements will be studied.

Methodology of the Study: After the relationship and differences between globalization and nationalization are put forward in a theoretical dimension, the case of Hjalmar Schacht, which presents a concrete practical application of the phenomenon of “nationhood”, which is the basis of nationalization, will be analyzed.

Findings of the Study: Based on the fact that globalization and nationalization have some specific advantages and disadvantages, it is theoretically has been revealed that nationalization has a strong fan population when undesirable situations occur, the globalization advocates sound stronger in the good and problem-free periods, and the globalization- nationalization duality has effects and important changes on the financial structure.

Importance of the Study: This is a multi-titled study that deals with a wide range of diverse and multifaceted issues, such as the concepts of globalization and nationalization, national economy for nationalization, handling of Hjalmar Schaht’s national economy application in particular to national economy and the impact of bad and troubled periods (wars, epidemics etc.), which are the trigger of localization, on the financial structure, and evaluated together by establishing a relation between them.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of Independence, Integrity, and Professionalism on the Performance of Government External Auditors.

Design/methodology/approach: The hypothesis was Independence, Integrity, and Professionalism had positive effect on the Performance of Government External Auditors. The total respondents were 182 auditors in the audit board of Indonesia from the Southern Sumatra region with different roles. Data collection method used questionnaires that were distributed to the auditors. Data analysis technique was multiple linear regression analysis. Correlation and determination coefficient and also partial test (t-test) tested the hypotheses.

Finding: The result of the study showed that the basic values of BPK consisting of independence, integrity and professionalism had positive and significant effect on the Performance of Government External Auditors.

Originality/value: This study contributed to the public sector auditing research by increasing our knowledge and understanding on the factors that influenced auditor performance.

Sumba Island has been dubbed as the Iconic Island of renewable energy (RE). However, the realisation of such title has yet to go smoothly and optimally, and it has been faced with manifold hurdles, espe- cially those in relation to the programme continuity; even the electrification rate realised fell short of the rate target. This research aimed to analyse the RE with the highest potential that could be developed to strengthen the energy security of the Sumba Timur–Sumba Island zone. This research employed a hard system approach, namely, the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method. Primary data were collected from fill- ing out expert-justified questionnaire. The experts were selected on purpose based on the criteria that they should have full understanding of the conditions and potential of renewable energy sources in Sumba Timur, be sufficiently experienced and be professional. The TOPSIS method was employed for the purpose of determining which RE source has the most potential according to the renewable energy security index. This study involved 30 experts and practitioners, comprising 11 government officials (G), eight businessmen (B), five academics/researchers (A), four community members (C) and two finance agency employees. The results showed that solar energy is the most promising and pos- sible energy source to be developed in East Sumba in the context of strengthening renewable natural resource–based energy source, while other potential alternative energy sources are hydro energy and wind energy.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of government complexity, weaknesses in the internal control system, and non-compliance with the law on the disclosure of local government financial statements (LKPD) based on Government Regulation No. 71 of 2010. Design/methodology/approach: The secondary data type is panel data with 32 provinces cross-section and time series for 5 years (2012-2016) so that the number of panel data observations is 160 observations. The analytical tool used is panel data regression with the fixed-effect method. Findings: The results of the study show that the complexity of governance has a significant positive influence on the disclosure of local government financial statements, the weakness of the internal control system does not influence the disclosure of local government financial statements and non-compliance with the law has a significant negative influence on the disclosure of local government financial statements. Originality/value: This study contributes to the public sector accounting research by increasing our knowledge and understanding on the disclosure of local government financial statements.

Purpose: Deposit Taking Saving and Credit Co-operatives facilitates financial intermediation, inclusion and deepening. In spite of this, 30 percent do not operate with prudent credit management practices attributed to unremitted deductions by employer institutions or borrowers’ default and unskilled employees. This makes them prone to de-licensing for being financially vulnerable thus, putting members’ funds at risk. This is still a puzzle even with the investment by the government on an oversight authority that can ensure they are compliant to the regulations so as to maintain financial sustainability. This study was conducted to establish the moderating effect of SACCO size on credit management practice and financial sustainability. The information asymmetry theory was adopted where the study population was the Kenya Deposit Taking Saving and Credit Co- operatives.

Design and Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional survey design with a positivism philosophical paradigm where the sample size was 119 respondents out of which 95 percent responded. Emailed questionnaire and data collection sheet were used in data collection.

Findings: A binary logistic regression was carried out where it was established that with presence of a moderator for the independent sub-variables, the strength of relationship between variables didn’t change (Nagelkerke R2 = 20.1 percent) but with introduction of interaction term, the strength of relationship between variables changed (Nagelkerke R2 = 27.2 percent). However, the relationship strength between variables didn’t change with presence of a moderator for the independent variable (Nagelkerke R2 = 19.9 percent).

Conclusion and recommendation: This study thus, concluded that SACCO size had a significant moderating effect on the independent sub-variables but the overall independent variable did not show any significance. This study recommended that SACCO size should only be considered while addressing credit risk mitigation and staff competence of DT-SACCOs in an effort to improve their financial sustainability.

Çalışmanın Amacı: Bu araştırmanın amacı, küresel ölçekte gelişimi ivme kazanan ve bir spor dalı olarak yaygınlaşan e-Sporun önemi üzerinde durarak, son yıllarda ortaya koyduğu ekonomik sonuçları ve gelişimi sayısal veriler ile somutlaştırmaktır. Araştırma Yöntemi: Bu araştırma nitel araştırma yöntemleri kapsamında yer alan doküman analizi yöntemi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın Önemi: Mevcut literatür incelendiğinde, e-Sporun gelişimsel çerçevesinin çizilmeye çalışıldığı ve ekonomik verilerin de bu çalışmalar kapsamında sunulduğu söylenebilir. Salt ekonomik ve ticari çıktılarına ilişkin bilimsel çalışmaların yok denecek kadar az olması bu araştırmanın temel esin kaynağı olmuştur. Bulgular ve Değerlendirme: e-Sporun günümüzde 1.1 milyar dolarlık hacmi ile devasa bir ekonomiye dönüştüğü bir gerçektir. Özellikle küresel ölçekte oyuncu, takım ve ülke gelirleri sürekli artarken; başta teknoloji firmaları olmak üzere birçok firma ve şirket sponsorluk faaliyetleri ile bu endüstrinin içinde yer almaya çalışmaktadır. Ayrıca e-Spor sektörün yayıncılık ve çevrimiçi içerik yayınlarının hızla arttığı da gözle görülebilmektedir. Uluslararası turnuva ve organizasyonlar düzenlenmekte ve milyonlarca dolar ödül dağıtılmaktadır. Dünyanın dijital alt yapısının her geçen gelişmesiyle birlikte e-Spor üretici ve katılımcıları arasında da rekabet giderek şiddetlenmektedir.

This article presents the results of studies that the authors conducted proceeding from a hypothesis that an increase of crises phenomena in the global economy, uncertainty, and higher risk along with the growing use of digital smart technology apply radically new requirements on knowledge-intensive services in the energy sector. The sector of management consulting and engineering services, which constitute the backbone of knowledge-intensive services, is faced with a new role of providing a mix of services addressing the tasks of devising anticipatory actions amid uncertainty and crisis based on forecasting. Analysis of changes in business models and the content of services indicate their strong capacity for smart logistics of complex projects, knowledge transfer in cooperation with universities and innovation institutions, managing the development of flexible technological and product solutions, and competency development in network teams. This article offers a detailed elaboration of an up-to-date conceptual framework of engineering and management consulting; provides an overview of global trends; and presents a case study of collaboration problems that emerge in cross-disciplinary teams working on smart grid projects and projects of energy supply in cities based on smart grid technology. A model of proactive management and anticipatory personnel training in energy companies is proposed. This article describes the skillset needed for implementing a concept of integrated knowledge-intensive services for technological modernization and digitalization of the energy sector.

In the last decades, the amount of municipal sewage sludge generation rate has drastically increased due to population growth, spatial sewerage system development, and implementation of new treatment techniques. Nowadays, it is considered a globally prominent issue. Municipal sewage sludge contains pathogenic bacteria and viruses along with heavy metals, poorly biodegradable organic compounds, pharmaceuticals, and microplastics, which make its utilization management quite difficult. Landfill placement of sewage sludge is the most widely used technique worldwide, but is obsolete and inefficient, and accompanied by significant risk of environmental pollution with high logistics expenditure. Moreover, landfill placement means that all residual energy and potential material reuse applications are lost. The introduction of modern treatment techniques can solve the problem with sewage sludge generation, but it results in strong energy consumption increase of energy consumption. Moderniza- tion and operational policies based on circular economy principles are focused on relevant sewage sludge utilization issues with the potential use of waste-to-energy and recycling applications. The paper presents a methodological approach of cradle-to-grave assessment of sewage sludge treatment process based on energy and material flow analysis. The proposed methodology is studied within the real operational activities of big-scale wastewater treatment plants of two of the largest cities of Russia – Ekaterinburg and Perm. This investigation provides an efficient managerial tool for sustainable development that can be used by wide range of stakeholders.

The efficiency of a gasification process is directly related to the rate of biomass conversion into product gas. The rate of fuel conversion depends on the interaction of fuel with the bed material, the gasifying agent, and the residence time of fuel particles. The interactions and the residence time depend on the fuel feeding positions along the height of the reactor. Thus, the fuel feeding position in a gasification reactor is an important parameter that influences the efficiency of the gasification process; longer residence time of the fuel particles in the bed enables efficient carbon conversion and less tar formation. In this work, in-bed and on-bed feed positions of the fuel particles have been investigated using a computational particle fluid dynamics (CPFD) model. The model is developed and validated against experimental data obtained from a bubbling fluidized bed gasification reactor. Experiments were carried out in a 20 kW pilot scale bubbling fluidized bed gasification reactor. Wood pellets of 3–30 mm length and 5 mm diameter are fed into the reactor at a mass flow rate of 2.4 kg/h. The molar flow rate of the producer gas, which typically consists of CH₄, CO, CO₂, and H₂ for both the in-bed and on-bed cases, is calculated by the CPFD model. The results show that CO and CH4 concentrations increase in the product gas when the biomass is fed at the location near to the bottom of the bed, while CO₂ and H₂ increase in the case of on-bed feed. The fuel particles segregate, followed by partial combustion of the smaller fuel particles on the bed surface in the case of on-bed feed. The total mass of the bed including unreacted char is higher for on-bed feed, indicating that the char is consumed slowly. The CPFD model can predict the product gas compositions, the fuel conversion, changes in the bed hydrodynamics, and the product gas yield at different feeding positions of the fuel particles. Thus, the model can be useful for design purposes.

Objective of the Study: It is aimed in this study to develop a model of cryptocurrency which is applicable in Turkey and suitable for Islamic monetary and financial system, by presenting the condition of cryptocurrency, which has reached a significant size in the world of finance, in the system of Islamic finance. Methodology of the Study: In this study, first of all, the course of money from its invention and first use to the present time has been revealed, and the cases that have emerged in this course since the earliest days of humanity and the Islamic world, and their reactions as well as solutions to these cases have been examined. In the light of these findings, an appropriate model has been tried to be developed. Findings of the Study: With a close review of literature, it has been observed that while there are limited number of studies on cryptocurrencies, and that number is limited when it comes to the studies on Islamic cryptocurrency. It has also been seen that studies on Islamic cryptocurrency are still not ground, discussions on the system still continue, a model that is not agreed upon has not, yet, been put forth, and therefore there is a need to conduct more studies on it. Significance of the Study: In the study, a practicable cryptocurrency modelthatissuitableforIslamicmoneyandfinancialsystemhasbeen proposed. The most important advantage of this model, which contains different elements from those stated in studies available in the literature and which is thought to meet the monetary criteria of Islam, is that it is possible to apply it immediately and that it offers a proposal that enables it to be included in this developing monetary system of the Islamicworld.

Objective: The objective of this study is to theoretically review the existing theoretical and empirical literature on dividend policy to understand the status and applicability of the theory in different economies and to discover any potential knowledge gaps for further research.

Study Design and Methodology: This is a descriptive analysis of existing theoretical literature and its application in different economies. The study used a sample of empirical studies to gather empirical evidence.

Findings: Dividend policy has a significant role in the firm decision-making process, a uniform dividend policy for all firms may not be feasible because of the differences in firms’ ownership, investor’s preference and firm characteristics, firms maintain a consistent dividend policy to avoid giving wrong signals to investors. The study also confirms inconsistency in the application of existing dividend theory with empirical evidence in different markets. We find that the ownership structure of a firm has greater influence in the firm decision-making process and recommend future studies should explore the extent to which ownership structure influences dividend policy and firm value.

Significance of the study: This study provides a framework for evaluating dividend policy practices between developed and developing countries, evaluate the relevance and applicability of dividend theory within the context of developing economies and identify the best dividend policy practices. The study will form part of the body of knowledge in the finance literature that will enable scholars to appreciate the critical issues involved in dividend policy decisions and provide a base for identifying knowledge gaps for further research.

Purpose: The major objective of the study is to identify the relationship between financial statement disclosure and shareholder attitude change relating to the investors who have invested in the companies which are registered under the Colombo Stock Exchange.

Design/Methodology/Approach: Primary data was collected from 110 investors who invested in Colombo Stock Exchange. The questionnaire was designed to examine the shareholders’ attitude change towards financial statement disclosure by considering their awareness and perception on quality of information disclose in Financial statements. Shareholder’s attitude change is considered as the dependent variable with four indicators; Information Provision, Feedback and Consultation and Communication and Improvement. Financial Statement Disclosure is the independent variable and independent variable explained by four indicators namely, Income Statement Disclosure, Balance Sheet Disclosure, Cash Flow Statement Disclosure and Notes.

Findings: The result exposed the fact that income statement disclosure and the cashflow statement disclosure significantly changed the shareholder’s attitude.

Practical Implications: The article offers insights to perception and attitude of shareholders to identify the shareholders’ attitude change on financial statement disclosure indicate how shareholders react to financial statement disclosure and disclosure quality of reporting.

Originality/Value: The article presents significant evidence in terms of its scrupulous approach towards checking the toughness of results.

The preparedness for outbreaks of pandemics such as the COVID-19 is a major concern for health authorities and leaders as extensive studies in the past have been reported and well documented. However, engaging with the response to an outbreak demands many decisions with enormous implications on a population and its regions. A review of past response mechanisms sheds light on different scenarios to provide an understanding of the challenges that will emerge, depicting trends, changes to GDP and the impact on the economy and employment. With this article we aim to identify and bring to light the challenges faced by Malta during the pandemic we are currently facing - COVID. This will help risk managers and leaders understand the devastating social and economic impact of such disruptions and act proactively to avoid repetition and embarrassments of being unprepared. Moreover we aim to provide an understanding of the expected cascading economic domino effects, which may result from the workforce unavailability, during a pandemic and the mistakes in estimation, if any, that could have been avoided. A desk research study technique was adopted whereby data was collected from existing sources, including government websites, online statistics, published reports, trends and internal data to the local Maltese markets. The COVID-19 phenomena led to new measures being taken worldwide as professionals, leaders, academics and businesses took unpredecented steps to change their business as usual strategies. This in turn brought about various questions and discussions on how islands like Malta controlled their situation.

Traditional farming in South East (SE) England is presented as a highly-evolved form of sustainable farming. The carrying capacity of traditional farming on a 2.75 ha family smallholding in SE England is assessed from production data recorded over a period of 8 years. The key elements of the farming system were mixed farming (livestock, dairy, arable and horticultural), self-sufficiency in terms of inputs and organic principles. Ten types of food were produced with the aim to comprise all the elements of a balanced diet. The holding and farming system are described and an analysis of the food produced is presented, in terms of weight and energy content, for the years 2010 to 2017. An average carrying capacity of 0.64 people ha⁻1 was demonstrated on the basis of food energy content alone. Carrying capacity increased to 1.09 people ha⁻¹ when production was re-proportioned to align with the UK Government’s currently recommended balanced diet. The latter figure is similar to carrying capacity estimates, derived from national statistics, for the UK’s total farmland in the middle part of the 20^th Century but significantly lower than theoretical predictions of national carrying capacity.

Service organizations in today’s globalized competitive business environment engaged in marketing strategies are geared toward responding to consumer needs and preferences and, at the same time, improve their competitive edge. Investigating the determinants of consumer preference is one of the important approaches to improving competitive edge of petrol station business. Despite significant studies on consumer behavior, especially factors that affect a new brand or products, there is limited empirical investigation on the premise of determinants of consumer preference particularly in petrol station business, thus creating a gap in this area. To this effect, this article intends to contribute in filling the knowledge gap by investigating the determinants of consumer preference and their impact on service station business in the Gambia. This article also identifies key marketing strategies that petrol station business can use to increase their market share. Using non-probability convenience sampling, data were collected from 200 customers of petrol stations using self-administered questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analysis were applied to analyze data using IBM SPSS statistics Version 22. The results of regression analysis identify marketing program and additional ser- vices out of the eight variables (marketing program, additional services, petrol station image, location, price, product assortment, service quality and management of service station) as the major determinants of service station consumer preference in the Gambia. This implies that petrol station companies should engage key marketing program strategies such as sales promotion, innovative product advertising, event sponsorship or association besides the provision of additional services like windscreen cleaning, water and air pumping, convenience store, fuel and motor product accessories sales plus services in order to increase sales as well as retain a large number of buyers as loyal customers.

Purpose: This research is carried out to investigate the influence of firm characteristics and good governance characteristics to earnings management behavior. Furthermore, the research is expanded to determine the predictive discretionary accruals models in Indonesia. The author utilizing firm listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2014 – 2018 as research object. Design/methodology/approach: The research samples is selected by utilizing the purposive sampling method. In addition, the data analyze is conducted through E-Views version 10. Three discretionary accruals models is used to define earnings management behavior. The research assumed firm characteristics factors such as financial performance, firm size, leverage, and share issuance activity and good governance characteristics such as board of directors’ size and auditor’s size. Findings: The research discovers that firm characteristics can accentuate the earnings management behavior significantly. In other hand, in good corporate governance characteristics only big four auditor is significant. The research also find that discretionary accruals model of Jones, Dechow, and Kothari are predictive in Indonesia. Practical implications: The discoveries of this research provide understanding for investors that enforcement on both governance and monitoring mechanism are essential approach to reduce earnings management behavior. Originality/value: The research investigated three models of discretionary accruals’ capability in predicting earnings management behavior, and found out all discretionary accruals model are still relevant to be use in predictive to define earnings management behavior in Indonesia.

Aim: The accountancy of Business revenues is an important factor to present the financial results. To make these results comparable at the international level, the new standard IFRS- 15 was developed by the two international standard determinants: The International Financial Accountancy Standards Board and The US GAAP. The new standard TFRS-15 of The Customer Contract Revenue Standard is designed for reconciling between the current two TMS-18 Revenue standard and TMS-11 construction contract and providing better comparison among the businesses, sectors and markets, and complying with the necessary explanations. Methodology: It is much easier to create financial tables by using only one standard. On January 1, 2018, the new standard was replaced with TMS-18 Revenue and TMS-11 Construction Contract standards and their interpretations. The new international standard was introduced on May 28, 2014 after countless international meetings with many participants and so many international discussions and comments taking many years. IASB and FASB postponed the initial starting date from January 1, 2017 to January 1, 2018 and so did Turkey. Thus, the standard will be analyzed and evaluated from this perspective. Findings: The revenue obtained from customers’ contracts should be explained in the deep notes in the new standard based on five stage-model of TFRS-15. Whether the new standard has any impact on business and, if any, how much impact it has on them depends on the industries. It is possible to say that the TFRS-15 standard could not succeed to diminish the discretion of the revenue description. Importance: The purpose of this study is to make cumulative knowledge contribution to the literature by means of explaining and evaluating the subject using enriched and international literature.

Aim of the Study: The main objective of our research, for the solutions of management, finance and accounting issues and auditing problems of SMEs is to reveal the benefits of independent audit. Methodology of the Study: Administrative, financial, and accounting problems of SMEs will be explained and the role of independent audit in solving these problems will be presented. Findings of the Study: We assume that the findings of this study will contribute towards the enhancement of good corporate governance that alleviates agency problems in business organizations. Importance of the Study: The enterprises have been becoming international along with the rapid transformation in the world trade in recent years. It is now mandatory to develop a common language in the field of accounting and auditing for the reason that enterprises are operating in different countries. At the end of this process, it has been implemented a worldwide uniformity with “International Accounting Standards" and "International auditing standards". The relevant changes were made in independent auditing for SMEs under certain criteria in order to adapt uniformity with new Turkish commercial code in our country. Independent audit as a result of economic change will become unavoidably compulsory for SMEs, which are over a certain scale, beyond that, the independent audit for the SMEs will be made on a voluntary basis in the interests their own in the future. We assume that the findings of this study will contribute towards the enhancement of good corporate governance that alleviates agency problems in business organizations. The findings have several implications regarding board members, managers, and organizations. Establishing corporate governance mechanisms and resolving agency issues are among the boards’ primary responsibilities.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) is a tool for an integrated assessment of multifac- eted impacts of a proposed project. ESIA can identify areas of potential conflicts and prevent conflicts from occurring early through appropriate mitigation measures. This notwithstanding, conflicts and public opposition arising from implementation of proposed projects which have been subjected to ESIA have been observed in various sectors in different countries and jurisdictions. Kenya is one of the African countries endowed with substantial renewable energy resources including geothermal, wind and solar energy resources. The country is now scaling up the development and utilization of these resources to meet growing energy demand. However, implementation of environmental procedures mainstreamed in the development of renewable energy resources, if inappropriately applied, has the potential to slow down development and exploitation trajectory of these resources. While all proposed renewable energy projects are subjected to the ESIA process, in some instances challenges have emerged at implementation resulting in conflicts that could be avoided. There is a clear need to understand, empirically, which of the ESIA procedural steps is critical in underpinning conflict identification for appropriate application. To determine how each of the ESIA procedural steps is likely to influence conflict identification, a statistical analysis was carried out for ESIA procedures based on questionnaire survey responses from sampled ESIA practitioners in Kenya. This article presents findings on the effect of ESIA procedural steps in conflict identification using cumulative odds ordinal logistic regression with proportional odds. Results show that the overall effect (on the dependent variable conflict identification) of the variables, public participation and monitoring is statically significant, χ2(2) = 9.12, p = 0.01 and χ2(2) = 6.29, p = 0.04, respectively. Further, the exponential of the log odds of the slope coefficients indicate that the independent variables public participation, decision making, project implementation and monitoring are statistically significant [χ2(1) = 9.12, p = 0.00; χ2(1) = 4.04, p = 0.04; χ2(1) = 3.64, p = 0.05 and χ2(1) = 3.31, p = 0.00, respectively]. That is to say these independent variables have a statistically significant effect on the dependent variable conflict identification.

Aim of the Study: The aim of the study is arguing about the statements, related with the elements to differentiate the profit, mentioned which are mentioned within the footnotes of the financial tables by analyzing those elements differentiating the TAS-TFRS profit from the profit calculated due to statutory records. Further; the savings on TAS-TFRS profit also the matters caused by savings are aimed to be evaluating within the framework of the study. Hence it is targeted to contribute for the discussion and prediction of TAS-TFRS profit. Methodology of the Study: The savings on TAS-TFRS profit are evaluated by analyzing those elements differentiating the TAS-TFRS profit from the profit calculated due to statutory records. Findings of the Study: Financial statements being prepared within the framework of the “Tax Legislation” and “General Communiqué on Accounting System Application (GCASA)” in Turkey are converted to another form those are available for the Turkish Accounting Standards (TAS)-Turkish Financial Reporting Standards (TFRS) by the companies meeting the requirements of reporting due to TAS- TFRS. At the end of the transformation held; the amount of profit calculated according to TAS-TFRS is differentiated from the profit amount within the statutory records. Despite of the existence of numerous reasons for the mentioned differentiation of profit amount, the two substantial elements here are suggested to be “the differences in valuation” besides “deferred taxes occurred because of corporate tax investment incentives”. Importance of the Study: The elements are mentioned within the study to ensure realizing the TAS-TFRS profit and discussing the savings on TAS-TFRS profit according to the users of financial statements. The absence of any academic study relating the topic within the literature makes this research important.

Biomasses in the forms of agricultural and forestry residues are gaining attention as alternative sources of energy due to various limitations of conventional sources of energy. Their applications as energy sources should be renewable and eco-friendly. The selection of biomass needs pairing with a suitable thermochemical process for the generation of biofuels and their precursors. This article communicates the investigation of acacia nilotica branch, bagasse, berry branch, coconut coir, corn cob, cotton stalk, groundnut shell, rice husk, rice straw and wheat straw as biomasses, for their considerations to ther-mochemical transformations. The authors explored the residues for their bulk density, calorific values, proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, ash fusibility characteristics and thermogravimetric analysis. The bulk density and calorific values of materials considered were quite low compared to that of conventional solid fuels. Therefore, they required palletisation for their economical utilisation as feedstocks for thermochemical conversions to energy carriers. The proximate analysis indicated that the fixed carbon:volatile matter of acacia nilotica branch was highest at 0.35, suggesting it as the most preferred feedstock for pyrolysis. The ultimate analysis showed that H/C (molar element ratios) of all residues were near to a constant value indicating the emissions of volatiles/gases were close to same quality after their specific thermochemical transformation. Ash deformation and fusion temperatures of mate- rials lied in the range of 900–1500°C, fixing the operating temperature limits for their transformations through combustors and gasifiers. Thermogravimetric analysis in the N₂ atmosphere indicated that the rate of pyrolysis was highest for all residues, in the temperature range of 300–500°C, suggesting the sufficiency of one reactor to carry out pyrolysis for the individual biomass. Thus, the analysis of biomasses for their thermochemical transformations is the prerequisite for their effective utilisations.

Purpose: This study aims to explore auditor’s perceptions of CEOs overconfidence in Egypt as one of the emerging countries. Design/methodology/approach: A quasi-experimental study is used on a sample comprises of 101 practicing auditors at public accounting firms in Egypt to assess (i) CEO overconfidence in a case scenario, (ii) the quality of earnings that would be provided by this overconfident CEO, and (iii) how overconfident CEO would be considered when they are assessing fraud risk, audit risk, audit effort and audit fees. Findings: The results suggest that not all the auditors in the sample were able to discover the same degree of overconfidence personal traits in a case scenario, and it was done by the sense, and they generally agree that overconfident CEO are more likely to provide lower earnings quality. Accordingly, they raise their assessment for audit fees as a result of an increase in fraud risk, audit risk, and audit effort. Practical implications: This study has significant implications for accounting and auditing professionals, market participants and regulators; where auditors should consider the overconfidence of the CEO during the audit process, market participants should consider managerial overconfidence when they are making investment decisions. Moreover, this study highlights the gap between auditing standards and the professional practice; which requires regulators to consider personal overconfidence traits as an indicator of financial reporting risk. Originality/value: This study helps in filling a gap in the literature; where auditor’s perceptions of CEOs overconfidence have not been fully investigated in emerging economies.

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the impact of financial inclusion and banking performance in Indonesia. The study uses 4 financial inclusion indicators, among others: (i) the ratio of third-party funds to gross domestic income, (ii) the ratio of credit to gross domestic income, (iii) the number of ATMS, (iv) the number of branch offices. Design/methodology/approach: The purposive sampling method is used to select the research sample. The descriptive statistical test and hypothesis test is used to analyze the data using e-eviews program. This research uses the population of data from the National Banking annual report either go public or not during the year 2014 to the year 2018. The study assumed financial inclusion can increase bank performance. Findings: By conducting a regression analysis, researchers found that several indicators of financial inclusion can help improve banking performance using ROA and NIM ratios, as well as some indicators of financial inclusion that do not demonstrate its influence. The results of this study drove banking as one of the formal financial institutions to increase financial inclusion. Banks can earn more profit if financial inclusion increases. Practical implications: These findings will be very helpful to government or management to maximize their firm performance using provides services that are able to accommodate the needs of the society, whether it has a small business (SME) and the overall economic development. Originality/value: This article provides a new insight of some indicators of financial inclusion that do not demonstrate its influence to banking performance.

Experiments were performed in a pilot-scale bubbling fluidized bed gasification reactor with air as a fluidizing agent. Birch wood chips and sand particles were used as biomass and bed materials. Average molar product gas composition was 0.214 of CO, 0.212 of CO₂, 0.103 of H₂, 0.074 of CH₄ and 0.397 of N₂. A kinetics-based model was developed for the gasification process and simulated using commercial software Barracuda®. The model is validated against the measured gas compositions. The validated model was used to study the product gas compositions for olive waste and straw pellets. The effects of equivalence ratio (ER) on the product gas composition for birch wood was also studied in one of the simulations. Birch wood gave the highest (20.5 mole %) CO production rate and lowest (9.0 mole %) H₂ production rate. The product gas flow rate was 1.96 Nm³ per kg of biomass and the lower heating value of the product gas was 6.65 MJ/Nm³. The CO concentration decreased from 25 to 13.2 mole %, whereas CO₂ concentration increased from 17 to 19.5 mole % when increasing ER from 0.2 to 0.3. The CO and H₂ concentrations for the olive waste were 8.1 and 56.1 mole %. The CO and H₂ concentrations for the straw pellets were 6 and 73.4 mole %.

Purpose: This study aims to look at the influence of religiosity, profit and loss sharing and corporate image on consumer intentions of Muamalat bank financing in Madiun. Design/methodology/approach: this study used a quantitative approach with a sample of 220 Muslim respondents in Madiun. And data analysis used smart PLS. Findings: The results of the analysis found that religiosity has a significant positive effect on consumer intentions, profit and loss sharing has a significant negative effect on customer intentions and corporate image does not affect consumers' intention of Muamalat bank financing in Madiun. Practical implications: From the results will be as a marketing strategy to increase customers financing Muamalat banks, and find out the factors - factors that influence consumer intentions by looking at community religiosity and giving a low perception of profit and loss sharing of Muamalat bank financing in Madiun. Originality/value: The factor of religiosity can increase the consumer's intention of Muamalat bank financing in Madiun and the perception of profit and loss sharing can reduce the consumer's intention of Muamalat bank financing in Madiun.

Purpose: The aim of the study is to reveal the relationship between economic growth and tourism receipts between 1995 and 2018 for Turkey.

Design/methodology/approach: Econometric analysis method was used in the research. The existence of a long-term relationship between variables was questioned by the Johansen Cointegration Test. Least Squares Method was used for regression analysis.

Findings: The results suggest that there is cointegration between economic growth and tourism receipts. In the long-run tourism receipts effect economic growth positively. According to the estimated model with Least Squares Method, each %1 increse in the tourism receipt increases GDP %0.21 and the percentage change in the tourism receipts can explain the %86 of the percentage change in GDP in the %95 confidence interval.

Practical implications: This research has significant implications for both policy makers and investors. The government has to consider the effect of the tourism industry while planning the investments, expenditures and incentives.

Originality/value: This study allows to make forecast for the future and gives opportunity to make comparison for the subsequent researchers with the latest findings in this field.

Nowadays energy efficiency is a global concern for the maritime organization and business. Rising operating costs, mainly fuel prices and stricter environmental regulations are forcing the ship- ping industry to find more effective ways of designing and operating the ships in an energy-efficient manner. An analysis of the energy system of ships and understanding the different energy flows can contribute to better energy management and efficiency in the ships. Keeping this objective in mind, the energy systems of typical medium-sized container ships are analysed in this paper based on the vessel’s operating data and equipment parameters collected by the crew over three months. The study focuses on the energy and exergy balances of the main components. It has been shown that more than 80% of total energy consumption is caused by the propulsion plant, while the electric power generation accounts for 14–17%. Up to 60% of the energy supply is lost to the environment through the cooling system, radiation, friction and exhaust from diesel engines. Exergy losses caused by the exhaust gas and heat transfer are other contributors. Roughly 6% of the fuel exergy input is lost due to heat transfer. The exergy lost through the exhaust gas flue mainly from the main engine is estimated at 12% of the total exergy input. There is considerable potential for waste heat recovery on container vessels. However, to improve the overall energy efficiency, a techno-economic study has to be carried out on waste heat recovery solutions for each category of vessels and trading mode.