Purpose: The purpose of this study is effectiveness of village-owned enterprise optimization, village wealth management, and village government performance management on the early increase in village income in Badung Regency. Methodology: This survey was conducted in seven villages in Badung Regency. This study used purposive sampling, by determining the sample with certain criteria, namely the village selected as the sample is a village that has a village-owned business entity and its operational activities are still active. The sample size of this survey was 61 respondents, that is, staff directly involved in the management of households in the village. This study used multiple regression. Findings: Based on the results of the analysis and testing conducted, optimization of the management performance of Village Owned Enterprises (BUMDesa), Village Asset Management and Village Government will have a positive effect on the increase in the village’s original income of Badung Regency. Originality/Value: This study aims to determine by testing empirically the effect of optimizing village owned business entites, village assets management, and village government managerial, performance on increasing village original income.

Purpose: This work was conducted in one of the 500 largest companies in Turkey to study the impact of the Covıd-19 pandemic on the budgeting process in companies. Methodology: The interview technique was preferred as the research method. Data were collected through one-on-one interviews with the budget manager. Findings: As a result of the study, it was found that the company acted in accordance with general budgeting principles, invested in technologies to professionalize the budgeting process, and benefited from modern budgeting methods. The Covıd-19 pandemic process required constant revisions and flexibility in the budgeting process. Originality/Value: The study contributes to the literature by examining the impact of Covid-19 on the budgeting process.

Purpose: The Purpose of this study was to analyse the effect of accounting which is integrity, objectivity, competence, confidentiality, and professionality behavior toward the quality of financial report. The sample selected for this study are university lectures in accounting department, accountant who work in consulting firms such as public accounting firm, audit agencies, and accounting services firm. The purposive sampling method is used to select the research sample. The study use SPSS program to analyze data. The measurement of each variable are using primary questionnaire data measured with likert scale. The results of this study show that integrity, objectivity, competence and confidentiality have a significant effect to the quality of financial statement. This article provides a new understanding of how important an accountant’s ethic in producing a high quality financial report and how to enhance accountant’s ethic to make sure the quality of financial report.

(i) to ascertain and analyze the funding of the Central Co-operative Fund (CCF); (ii) to assess whether the CCF has achieved its intended role of utilizing its funds optimally and why, or why not, this is so, and (iii) to evaluate and recommend ways on how the role of the CCF may be improved. The study made use of a mixed-methods research methodology. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four CCF representatives, seven co-operative experts and nine co-operative representatives. These were followed by a review of the financial statements of the CCF for the period 2012-2019. The findings indicate that over the years, the CCF has managed to accumulate a substantial amount of funds. The financing role of the CCF is essential for the co-operative movement in Malta. Despite the numerous financial difficulties faced by Maltese co-operatives, the use of CCF financing by co-operatives as against other non-CCF financing has been relatively poor. The study concludes that the Maltese CCF is adequately funded via the 5% annual co-operative contributions. With respect to its utilization of funds, the CCF has clearly not achieved this objective optimally in that it has not played its expected role in the financing of Maltese co-operatives. The study concludes that the CCF has potential for a much-increased role than it has at present in assisting co-operatives in their financing requirements. This study is meant to raise public sector awareness on the need to improve Maltese CCF practices with respect to their definability, formulation and monitoring. It is hoped that the recommendations of this study support the competent authorities in addressing the identified existing deficiencies, thus enabling them to enhance CCFs and render them improved vehicles for sector development. Ultimately, an improved CCF would aid in the financing difficulties faced by Maltese co-operatives. This, in turn, would support the growth and development of the Maltese co-operative movement.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships between two dimensions of electronic service quality influencing ease of use and emotional benefit in internet banking service quality, together with the subsequent effects on behavioral intention in Turkey. Methodology: Accountants who use internet the banking services of banks in Turkey completed a self-administered questionnaire. Data obtained from 206 accountants were analyzed using diverse data analysis approaches, including univariate analysis with descriptive statistics as well as multivariate analysis with correlation, regression, moderation analyses. Also, the initial results were tested using Partial Least Square (PLS) based Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach. Findings: The results revealed that Graphic Quality and Layout Clarity have a significant positive association with Behavioral Intentions, Ease of Use and Control and Emotional Benefit. Moreover, Ease of Use and Control is a significant moderator upon the relationship of Graphic Quality and Layout Clarity with Behavioral Intentions. Originality/value: This research uniquely investigates the subdimensions of the electronic service environment that influence the behavioral perceptions of accountants using internet banking services in Turkey, with outcome quality dimensions.

Purpose: Increasing financial performance requires the application of adequate internal audit practices. Aiming to this study, was requested to determine the effect of internal audit on financial performance in insurance companies in Kosovo. Methodology: The return on assets (ROA) ratio was used to mea-sure financial performance. Data for this dependent variable were obtained from the six-month statements of insurance companies operating in Kosovo during the period 2015 - 2021. Internal audit was viewed from the perspective of internal auditing standards, the professional competence of the internal auditor, the independence of the internal auditor and the efficiency of internal audit, which were also taken as independent variables. The researcher applies a survey questionnaire to each member of the target population consisting of members of the Board of Directors, members of the Audit Commi-ttee, managers of various departments, internal audit officers, legal officers and finance officers. Also, three control variables (growth, size and age of the company) were taken. As data analysis techniques are used quantitative analysis and regression analysis. Findings: From the findings, the study concludes that professional competence had a significant positive impact, in contrast to the effi-ciency of internal audit, which had a negative impact on the financial performance of insurance companies. The study also found that the other two independent variables (internal audit standards and inter-nal auditor independence) had a negative correlation with financial performance but not significant. The size of the insurance company also had a significant positive relationship, in contrast to the age of the company which had a negative and significant impact on the financial performance of insurance companies operating in Kosovo. Originality/Value: The study aims to increase the importance of internal audit for insurance companies, as in general, the importance is given only to external audit and its reports. It is also hoped that the recommendations will support decision-making authorities in addressing and identifying current problems and taking measures to eliminate them. Based on the above findings, this study provides insights to regulators and policymakers about the importance of audit quality in enhancing financial performance.

Purpose: This paper purpose is to report the differences between U.S. GAAP and IFRS by presenting a review of literature available on the topic. Methodology: This paper is based on review of 27 research papers. This paper is divided into two parts. First part presents the previous studies focused on business aspects (companies can ill afford the cost of an increasing number of GAAP standards and impact on investors) and second part presents the previous studies focused on fundamental differences between U.S. GAAP and IFRS. Findings: This paper is based on review of literature that present the differences between U.S. GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). As per the studies done, U.S. GAAP contains more detailed, specific requirements than IFRS. In some instances, IFRS does not contain any corresponding guidance and, in others, IFRS contains higher-level or general guidance that is not directly comparable to the U.S. GAAP requirement. Originality/Value: This paper findings are based on 27 research papers only. As accounting standards are changing due to change in current economic situations, there is a large scope for the future studies based on U.S. GAAP and IFRS differences and impact of those difference on the investors.

Companies worldwide strive to become more sustainable, and, in this context, the circular economy (CE) gains importance as alternative system as opposed to the linear economy. Since executive mangers around the world work with management systems (MSs) to guide and improve organizational operations, this work aims to explore how integrated MSs (IMS) as business tools can contribute to the adoption of CE principles at the corporate level. To achieve this objective, a systematic literature review is performed, which results in a synthesis sample of 18 academic papers. The findings reveal how MSs contribute to CE adoption and, therefore, demonstrate that managers can use IMS to foster CE implementation. In addition, the findings highlight the importance of institutional intervention in the transition from a linear towards a circular designed economy. The paper contributes to academia by linking the concepts of IMS and CE, synthesizing the current academic knowledge at hand, and proposing a comprehensive research agenda that sets the path for future academic investigations. In a practical perspective, the paper contributes also to managers since it emphasizes how IMS can be used to incorporate circular business thinking into operations management.

Investing in different futures is an existential challenge that much research within and adjacent to Ecological Economics engages with, yet organizations that recognize this social ecological imperative have few options for funding and implementing radical transformations to the needs and well-being provisioning systems that currently exist. Ecological macroeconomic ideas and EE principles of long-term well-being and justice on a livable planet will be explored in the context of the housing crisis in Canada, and a rural Ontario community organization attempting to find transformative solutions to the lived, local experience of this crisis. Provisioning systems for housing, when tied to real estate markets, debt money creation, land enclosures, and financialized supply chains, contribute to capital accumulation cycles; it is hardly possible to meet our housing needs, in aggregate, without also perpetuating the form of this provisioning system. The idea presented here, that of Capital Sequestration, proposes to remove capital from markets and ‘invests’ this capital in land trusts as an intentional transformation of financial capital into social and ecological values. Through land and housing trusts as well as non-market funding pathways, Capital Sequestration is a method of investing in the transformation of provisioning systems through the sustained and collective boundary management of financial markets and incommensurable values. This practice offers significant promise as it applies ecological macroeconomic theory work, is grounded in the normative goals of and emerges from empirical research of EE, and meets a pressing need within society for imagining alternative economies.

The process of developing a virtual replica of a physical asset usually involves using the best available values of the material and environment-related parameters essential to run the predictive simulation. The parameter values are further updated as necessary over time in response to the behaviour/conditions of physical assets and/or environment. This parametric calibration of the simulation models is usually made manually with trial-and-error using data obtained from sensors/manual survey readings of designated parts of the physical asset. Digital twining (DT) has provided a means by which validating data from the physical asset can be obtained in near real time. However, the process of calibration is time-consuming as it is manual, and as with each parameter guess during the trial, a simulation run is required. This is even more so when the running time of a single simulation is high enough, like hours or even days, and the model involves a significantly high number of parameters. To address these shortcomings, an experimental platform implemented with the integration of a simulator and scientific software is proposed. The scientific software within the platform also offers surrogate building support, where surrogates assist in the estimation/update of design parameters as an alternative to time-consuming predictive models. The proposed platform is demonstrated using BEASY, a simulator designed to predict protection provided by a cathodic protection (CP) system to an asset, with MATLAB as the scientific software. The developed setup facilitates the task of model validation and adaptation of the CP model by automating the process within a DT ecosystem and also offers surrogate-assisted optimisation for parameter estimation/updating.

In this work, oblique wave scattering by a rectangular porous breakwater with slotted screens floating over a sill-type seabed is examined within the frame of linear wave-structure interaction theory. The Sollitt and Cross model is used to analyze the fluid motion inside the rectangular porous breakwater. In addition, a quadratic pressure jump condition on the slotted screens is adopted to include the effect of wave height on wave attenuation by the slotted screens. The associated physical problem is handled using an iterative boundary element method. Finally, the scattering coefficients such as the reflection, transmission, energy loss coefficients, and wave forces acting on the rectangular porous structure are analyzed for different wave conditions. The time-dependent displacement profiles for the various instants of time are provided. Further, the influence of different geometries of sill-type bottoms on wave scattering is analyzed. The study concludes that the wave forces on the rectangular structure attain their maximum when the distance between the slotted screen and the porous structure is an integral multiple of the wavelength associated with the incident wave for different submergence drafts.

The finite element method is used for numerical simulation analysis to explore the settlement characteristics of widened subgrade under the influence of different working conditions and factors. The research results show that at the end of the construction period, the maximum total settlement of the subgrade surface of the project of simultaneous widening and raising of the original subgrade is 1.97 cm , the maximum differential settlement of the subgrade surface is 0.21 cm , and the cross slope of the road arch increases by 1.4%. The maximum total settlement of the subgrade surface of the project of only widening of the original subgrade is 2.35 cm , which is an increase of 19.3% compared with the maximum total settlement of the subgrade surface of the project of simultaneous widening and raising of the original subgrade. The total settlement of the subgrade surface under the two working conditions varies with the change of filling materials and increases with the width, height, and slope ratio. When the width increases from 3.5 to 14 m , the maximum uncoordinated deformation of the subgrade surface of the project of simultaneous widening and raising of the original subgrade is increased from 0.54 to 1.31 cm , and the value of the subgrade surface settlement curvature of the splicing area for the project of only widening of the original subgrade is increased from 0.13 to 0.97 . The obtained results can provide a reference for subgrade widening projects in the future.

This paper explores the practical possibility of using a magnetic field to orient steel fibres in a fresh concrete matrix. This process leads to preferential orientation, which increases the desired mechanical properties of the hardened material. In general, this paper focuses on the technical aspects of the orientation process and identifies key areas, such as the strength and shape of the magnetic field, velocity of the sample's passage through the magnetic field and viscosity of the materials. A prototype orienting apparatus was constructed with different permanent magnet systems to evaluate their performance. An ultrasound gel and a cementitious matrix were used as a medium for the fibres. Numerical simulations were created to further understand the effects of the magnetic field's strength and shape. The final orientation of the fibres in hardened concrete was evaluated using Q factor measurements, X-ray scans and bending tests. A sufficiently strong magnetic field can be used to orient fibres in fresh concrete.

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a more and more appreciated manufacturing technology. This growing interest is related to the high flexibility of this approach and its capability to produce any geometry, opening new possibilities. An example is the improvement of the system performances exploiting lattice and reticular in substitution to the traditional solid design. Despite this premise, in real applications, part of the benefits is lost due to the inferior performances of the AM steels and the higher costs of additive manufacturing. In this scenario, the mechanical properties of a 17-4 PH SS produced via additive technology were characterized with experimental tests. The results were compared with data concerning the cast material. In this way, it was possible to execute a quantitative evaluation of the performance reduction. Three components, such as a hip prosthesis, a blow plastic bottle die, and an automotive gear, were chosen as representative examples. These three mechanical components are typically produced in quite different batch sizes. The hip prosthesis, the blow plastic bottle die, and the automotive gear were redesigned (design for AM) via a finite element (FE) approach. The new designs fulfill the original requirements in terms of strength showing however improved inertial properties. The original and new designs were exploited to quantify the benefits of introducing AM in different applications.

This paper investigates on the implementation Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Iran. It generates a systems dynamics model for exploring possibilities for achieving four SDGs: SDG-1 (eradicating poverty), SDG-8 (economic growth and decent work), SDG-12 (sustainable production and consumption), and SDG-13 (climate action) in Iran. The model is used to generate four possible stories about the implementation of measures to achieve these SDGs in the future of the Iranian economy from 2020 to 2050: 1) the Scenario of Business as Usual continues current trends and projects them into the future, 2) the Scenario of Inclusive Growth is designed to simulate more income equality and faster economic growth, 3) the Scenario of a Steady State introduces measures to improve social, and environmental aspects while having zero economic growth, and 4) the Scenario of Well-being for People and Planet is designed to improve socio-economic and environmental aspects of the Iranian economy to achieve the four SDGs in Iran. The performance of the Iranian economy for progressing towards the SDGs is monitored through four SDG indexes which are measured based on the arithmetic mean of selected indicators for each SDG, and a Combined Index of SDGs which is measured based on the arithmetic mean of the four SDGs indexes. The results of the simulations of the SDGs model of Iran shows that the transformational scenarios (Steady State, and Well-being for People and Planet) provide better pathways in comparison to conventional scenarios (Business as Usual and Inclusive Growth) for achieving the SDGs. Moreover, this study find that transformational policy changes and extraordinary efforts are required for progress in achieving SDGs in Iran.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find out how the influence of the disclosure of sustainability reporting on the value of state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Research Methodology: The research approach used quantitative. This research sample selection method uses a purposive sampling method with a total of 8 SOEs listed in IDX that meet the criteria. Results: sustainability reporting has a significant negative effect on firm value, this indicates that the disclosure of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) by the company reduces the value of state-owned companies listed on the BEI. Most companies only focus on financial factors and companies pay less attention to non-financial factors such as CSR, it can be seen that the level of CSR disclosure made by the company is very low. Limitations: Data limitations then this study only uses a sample of SOEs listed in IDX and does not add good corporate governance variables to improve the relationship between sustainability reporting and company’s value. Contribution: based on stakeholder theory to improve the relationship between stakeholder and company, SOEs must disclose CSR activities to improve the organization image and impact on the increasing value of the firms. Adding GCG as a moderation variable can maximize sustainability reporting in SOEs.

Purpose: The present study examines the relationship between profit quality and return and risk. Design/methodology/approach: The research hypotheses are tested using a sample consisting of six industries listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2014 to 2019 and using multiple regression based on the technique of integrated data and t-test. Findings: The findings indicate that there is a significant positive relationship between profit quality and return and investment risk. The first hypothesis of the effect of return and risk on the quality of profit is accepted and the second hypothesis rejected. Practical implications: The capital market, by directing stagnant micro-capitals to the production process, has played an important role in the economies of countries and acts as an important economic indicator. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the basic decision- making principles of this type of market, especially in Iran, which has a young literature on this subject.

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship of a CEO’s organizational and personal characteristics and firm performance. This study also examines how debt-to-equity ratio (capital structure) mediates the impact of CEO’s characteristics toward firm performance. Manufacturing companies listed on Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) between 2016 and 2019 are the focus of this study. Design/methodology/approach: The research sample is chosen using the purposive sampling approach. The SmartPLS software was used to evaluate the data in this investigation. This study uses Tobin’s Q as measurement of firm performance. The tenure, age, gender, and education of a CEO are all factors to CEO’s characteristics. Debt to equity ratio will be used as capital structure. Findings: The results of this study show that CEO’s tenure has significant positive impact on firm performance. CEO’s characteristics (age, gender, education) show a positive but insignificant impact on firm performance. Finally, the debt-to-equity ratio does not serve as a mediating factor in the link between CEO's characteristics and firm performance. Practical implications: These findings will be extremely beneficial to management in terms of improving a firm's performance by controlling the qualities of a CEO. Originality/value: This article adds to the body of knowledge in the field of firm performance research which explored the function of capital structure in mediating the influence of CEO’s characteristics on firm performance.

Purpose: This study was motivated by the fact that despite several recommendations being proffered by researchers, some of these noble suggestions just remain in paper. Furthermore, the problem of transfer pricing (TP) manipulation is more detrimental to the African continent as well as the fact that it is far from being addressed. Through a scoping review, this study sought to synthesise research evidence on the possible solutions to minimise transfer pricing manipulation in African countries through categorisation of these recommendations into key themes. Methodology: This study employed a qualitative research approach through a scoping review. Through a comprehensive review of literature, the nature and extent of the possible solutions to curbing illicit financial flows through transfer pricing was identified, assessed and evaluated for applicability. Considering that transfer pricing is a hot topic and legislation is still in its infancy in African countries, database searches were done through Google scholar for both peer reviewed articles and grey literature. Findings: The findings revealed that solutions can be grouped into three categories, which include politically oriented, legislative focused and administrative recommendations. It was evident that there is need for political commitment by governments, improvements to the current legislation as well as enhanced administrative capacities of revenue authorities in order to reduce TP abuse. Originality or Value: Transfer pricing manipulation in international trade is a challenge in most developing economies. Transfer pricing and tax evasion are important and topical concerns as they relate to base erosion and profit shifting in developing countries. This is linked to the fact that ethical practices, corruption, illicit financial flows and other similar concepts speak to Sustainable Development Goal 16 (peace, justice and strong institutions). In response to challenges of transfer pricing and the need to ensure maximum revenue mobilisation, developing countries have put in place transfer pricing legislation to regulate transfer pricing activities and to reduce the tax revenue losses resulting from transfer pricing manipulation by multinational enterprises. Several studies have been carried out in African countries to investigate the transfer pricing exploitation strategies, assess the effectiveness of transfer pricing legislation in curbing Base Erosion and Profit Shifting. This study sought to provide an aggregated synopsis of recommendations on how to enhance legislation and effectiveness of the regulation, with the hope that this summary would provide policymakers with a one-stop shop for possible solutions as well as evaluating their applicability.

Purpose: The study set out to understand how auditors assess a company’s tone at the top, as an integral component of audit risk which is a significant part of forming an audit opinion. Methodology: The study followed a qualitative exploratory multiple-case research design, using individual semi-structured interviews to collect data from audit partners and a group interview to collect data from inspectors from the audit regulatory body. Findings: The findings provided insights into the procedures how ethical leadership and an ethical organisational culture, which were deemed central to a company’s tone at the top, were assessed. Despite these assessments being done before and throughout an audit, assessments before an audit seemed to be emphasised. While the audit engagement partner took responsibility for tone-at-the-top assessments, audit files contained limited evidence of such involvement. Originality/Value: The insights from this study could be useful to auditing firms in enhancing their audit methodologies and training programmes on assessing a company’s tone at the top and the documentation thereof, specifically during the planning of an audit and to evidence audit engagement partner involvement. The findings may also inform the audit regulatory body in providing best-practice guidelines to auditors on the assessment of a company’s tone at the top. Despite the study’s South African orientation, the findings are globally relevant, given the inclusion of the Big 4 auditing firms and firms adhering to the International Standards on Auditing.